Charles Harvey Joseph FRANKLIN, Petitioner-Appellant, v. Dan JOHNSON, Superintendent, Respondent-Appellee.
No. 00-36108
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit
Argued and Submitted March 4, 2002. Filed May 30, 2002.
290 F.3d 1223
Christoper J. Schatz, Assistant Federal Public Defender, Portland, OR, for the petitioner-appellant.
Before B. FLETCHER, O‘SCANNLAIN, and BERZON, Circuit Judges.
Opinion by Judge BERZON; Concurrence by Judge O‘SCANNLAIN.
OPINION
BERZON, Circuit Judge.
Charles Harvey Joseph Franklin appeals the denial of his petition for habeas relief under
Respondent (“the state“) contends for the first time on appeal that Franklin‘s claim was not exhausted in state court and has been procedurally defaulted. We hold that the ineffectiveness claim is not procedurally barred, but affirm the denial of the habeas petition on the merits.
In April of 1992, Franklin was charged, in a case we will call “Franklin I,” with raping his oldest stepdaughter. Represented by court-appointed attorney David Haasenstab, Franklin pleaded no contest to the rape charges. When asked in the pre-sentencing interview whether he could have sexually abused his stepdaughter, Franklin responded that he did not know because, as an alcoholic, he sometimes drank so much that he could not remember anything. Franklin did adamantly insist that his stepchildren did not lie.
The Pre-Sentence Report (“PSR“) in Franklin I stated that Franklin had been treated for alcohol abuse, that he had attempted suicide, and that his psychiatric evaluation revealed he was suffering from pedophilia and from an anti-social personality disorder. The report included the victim‘s statement that “sometimes her dad had been drinking when he does things to her.” The PSR also noted that Franklin did not seek any treatment until the allegations of abuse had surfaced and that “[t]he fact that Franklin has a chemical abuse problem does not excuse or mitigate his sexual deviancy. It only identifies him as a sex offender with a chemical addiction problem.” Franklin was sentenced in Franklin I to 58 months in prison and 36 months of supervised release.
Franklin was later charged, in a case we will call “Franklin II,” with several counts of sexual misconduct involving his younger stepdaughter. Haasenstab again represented Franklin, who pleaded no contest to sodomy in the first degree. In August 1992, Franklin was sentenced in Franklin II to 55 months in prison, to run consecutively to the term imposed in Franklin I.
A month after Franklin‘s second conviction, his stepson reported to police that he had also been sexually abused by Franklin. Franklin was charged with six counts of sodomy in the first degree against a child under 12 years of age. See
The court appointed Charles Berg, a law firm associate of Haasenstab‘s, to represent Franklin. Represented by Berg, Franklin moved to dismiss the charges, arguing former jeopardy and double jeopardy violations under the state and federal constitutions, respectively. The contention was that bringing the charges involving Franklin‘s stepson after the state had obtained the two prior convictions involving his stepdaughters had a negative impact on his ability to defend himself.
At the hearing on Franklin‘s motion to dismiss the indictment, the government stated that it did not obtain any evidence that Franklin had sexually abused his stepson until the child reported the abuse to police on September 10, 1992, after Franklin‘s earlier convictions. The government also explained that “[u]sually, in fact, almost always, disclosure by a child is a condition precedent to initiating a prosecution.” Without a report by the victim, the state could only prosecute if it had “some outside source of evidence that the crime had occurred,” yet in this case, there were no photographs, no eye-witnesses other than Franklin and his stepson, and no physical evidence. Franklin did not contest the state‘s representations.
The judge denied the motion to dismiss. Finding “no indication that no matter what sort of investigation had been conducted, that there would have been evidence prior to August 18th of 1992 that could have served as a basis for initiating a prosecution,” the court held that “there is no bar to this present prosecution based on either of the earlier prosecutions.”
After failing to obtain dismissal, Franklin agreed to a stipulated-facts trial. Franklin conceded that if witnesses testified, it would be established beyond a reasonable doubt that while under the influ-
At sentencing, Berg argued that Franklin should receive a sentence at the low end of the state‘s guidelines range of 116-120 months because he had received in-patient treatment for substance abuse, had attempted suicide, and “ha[d] no memory of these criminal acts with the children.” The judge did sentence Franklin at the low end, to 9 years, 8 months in prison and 3 years of supervised release, and ordered that the sentence run concurrently with the previously imposed sentences.
Franklin then filed a pro se habeas petition in state court, contending among other things that he had received ineffective assistance of counsel because Berg “never advised [him] of any defenses, but insisted Petitioner plead guilty and/or nolo contendre [sic].” Both Franklin and Berg testified at the state evidentiary hearing. When asked what defenses Berg should have discussed with him, Franklin responded: “I told my attorney I was innocent of this charge and I asked him what we could do to bring this to trial, and my attorney didn‘t do anything except ask me to take a no contest plea.”
Berg testified that the reason he advised Franklin to agree to a stipulated-facts trial was to preserve an appeal on former jeopardy grounds. Berg never filed a direct appeal on Franklin‘s behalf, however, and could not recall doing anything to ensure that Franklin‘s appeal rights were preserved. When asked if he considered a drug and mental state defense based on drug and alcohol addiction, Berg testified: “I recall talking with Mr. Franklin about it and in particular, that the child reported that usually these activities occurred after Mr. Franklin had plenty to drink. And that‘s what I remember about it.” Berg did interview Franklin‘s stepson in preparation for trial but never interviewed the victim‘s mother, Franklin‘s wife at the time. Berg did not request a pre-sentence investigation or engage any mental health expert.
The state trial court denied relief, finding that “Defense Counsel did cover potential defenses with Petitioner although Defense Counsel cannot recall any discussion about an alibi defense. Petitioner was a drug addict and alcoholic and there was a possibility of a potential mental defense.” The trial court concluded:
Defense Counsel under both Federal and State Constitutional standards exercised professional skill and judgment on behalf of the Defense. There has been no showing that Counsel‘s assistance was unreasonable or that Petitioner was prejudiced or that the result of the proceeding would have been different with respect to any of Petitioner‘s allegations.
The Oregon Court of Appeals granted the state‘s motion to affirm without opinion, and the Oregon Supreme Court denied Franklin‘s petition for review.
Franklin then filed a petition for habeas relief under
II. PROCEDURAL DEFAULT
Before addressing the petition on its merits, we must address the government‘s threshold argument that Franklin is procedurally barred from raising his claim of ineffective assistance.
Franklin filed his petition on January 8, 1998. We therefore review his petition under the provisions of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (“AEDPA“), Pub.L. No. 104-132, 110 Stat. 1214 (Apr. 24, 1996). Van Tran v. Lindsey, 212 F.3d 1143 (9th Cir.2000).
For the first time on appeal, the state argues that Franklin is procedurally barred from raising the question he seeks to litigate in his federal habeas petition. The state contends that Franklin never raised in state court the argument that Berg failed to investigate a mental state defense and cannot do so now because Oregon has a rule that a petitioner can file only one state post-conviction petition. See
For petitions filed before AEDPA‘s effective date, the well-settled rule was that the state waived any procedural bar by failing to raise the issue in response to the habeas petition. Trest v. Cain, 522 U.S. 87, 89, 118 S.Ct. 478, 139 L.Ed.2d 444 (1997) (“[P]rocedural default is normally a defense that the state is obligated to raise and preserve if it is not to lose the right to assert the defense thereafter.“); Jenkins v. Anderson, 447 U.S. 231, 234 n. 1, 100 S.Ct. 2124, 65 L.Ed.2d 86 (1980) (declining to consider the state‘s procedural default argument because it was not raised below); Gonzalez v. United States, 33 F.3d 1047, 1049 (9th Cir.1994) (failure to raise procedural default in the district court constituted a waiver of the issue); Dubria v. Smith, 224 F.3d 995, 1000-01 (9th Cir.2000) (en banc); see also, e.g., United States v. Barron, 172 F.3d 1153, 1156-57 (9th Cir.1999) (en banc), and cases cited therein. The state maintains that AEDPA requires that we abandon our prior rule and reach the state‘s procedural bar argument on appeal, even though the argument was not presented to the district court. We see nothing in AEDPA that addresses this question and so may not reconsider our precedent. See, e.g., Hart v. Massanari, 266 F.3d 1155, 1171 & n. 28 (9th Cir.2001).
Section 2254(b)(3), as is apparent, mentions exhaustion alone as a defense that the state can waive only expressly. The state nonetheless contends that
There is no basis for discerning in AEDPA‘s complete silence on the question an implicit change in the law regarding waiver of procedural default arguments. Exhaustion and procedural default are distinct concepts in the habeas context. Francis v. Rison, 894 F.2d 353, 355 (9th Cir.1990) (finding that the government waived the procedural default argument by contending only that the petitioner had failed to exhaust administrative remedies, which is “quite a different argument, of course, from asserting procedural default“). The two doctrines developed independently and on different grounds, apply in different situations, and lead to different consequences.
Exhaustion began as a judicially-created doctrine but has long been codified in the federal habeas statutes. As early as Ex parte Royall, 117 U.S. 241, 251, 6 S.Ct. 734, 29 L.Ed. 868 (1886), the Supreme Court concluded that “as a matter of comity, federal courts should not consider a claim in a habeas corpus petition until after the state courts have had an opportunity to act.” Rose v. Lundy, 455 U.S. 509, 515, 102 S.Ct. 1198, 71 L.Ed.2d 379 (1982) (citing Royall, 117 U.S. at 251). Congress codified the exhaustion requirement in 1948, in
The procedural default doctrine was also judicially developed but has never been codified by Congress in the habeas statutes. First announced as a broad concept in Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72, 97, 97 S.Ct. 2497, 53 L.Ed.2d 594 (1977), the procedural bar doctrine “has its historical and theoretical basis in the ‘adequate and independent state ground’ doctrine.” Harris v. Reed, 489 U.S. 255, 260, 109 S.Ct. 1038, 103 L.Ed.2d 308 (1989) (citing Wainwright, 433 U.S. at 78-79); see also Fox Film Corp. v. Muller, 296 U.S. 207, 210, 56 S.Ct. 183, 80 L.Ed. 158 (1935). The adequate and independent state ground doctrine provides that federal courts “will not consider an issue of federal law on direct review from a judgment of a state court if that judgment rests on a state-law ground that is both independent of the merits of the federal claim and has an adequate basis for the court‘s decision.” Harris, 489 U.S. at 260.
The exhaustion doctrine applies when the state court has never been presented with an opportunity to consider a petitioner‘s claims and that opportunity may still be available to the petitioner under state law.
If a petitioner‘s claims are unexhausted, the district court can dismiss the petition without prejudice to give the prisoner a chance to return to state court to litigate his unexhausted claims before he can have the federal court consider his claims. See Rose, 455 U.S. at 518. When a petitioner‘s claims are procedurally barred and a petitioner cannot show cause and prejudice for the default, however, the district court dismisses the petition because the petitioner has no further recourse in state court. See Harris, 489 U.S. at 263.
As the Fifth Circuit has noted, these long-established differences between the exhaustion requirement and the procedural default doctrine preclude any conclusion that Congress implicitly intended to reach the latter when it addressed waiver of the former in AEDPA. Jackson v. Johnson, 194 F.3d 641, 652 n. 35 (5th Cir.1999)2 (“Although a ‘State shall not be deemed to have waived the exhaustion requirement . . . unless the State, through counsel, expressly waives the requirement,’ see
The partial concurrence and concurrence in the judgment maintains that the particular kind of procedural bar here at issue is not meaningfully different from an exhaustion defense, and so should be encompassed in the AEDPA provision precluding waiver of the exhaustion requirement. We do not agree.
The exhaustion requirement “refers only to remedies still available at the time of the federal petition.” Engle v. Isaac, 456 U.S. 107, 125 n. 28, 102 S.Ct. 1558, 71 L.Ed.2d 783 (1982). If a petitioner failed to present his claims in state court and can no longer raise them through any state procedure, state remedies are no longer available, and are thus exhausted. See id.; O‘Sullivan v. Boerckel, 526 U.S. 838, 848, 119 S.Ct. 1728, 144 L.Ed.2d 1 (1999).
Ordinarily, where an exhaustion defense is raised, the petitioner can cure the defect by exhausting thereafter. Rose, 455 U.S. at 518. Allowing the petitioner to do so serves the comity purposes of the exhaustion requirement by permitting the state to consider first the issue raised. O‘Sullivan, 526 U.S. at 844. AEDPA then interposes a deferential standard of review of the resulting state court decision.
Here, however, Oregon is refusing to allow Franklin to exhaust his claim, because he did not do so in accord with Oregon‘s procedural rules, and arguing that we should not hear it either. By doing so, Oregon is not invoking its right to have first crack at any constitutional issues, and to enjoy the deferential standard of review accorded by AEDPA with regard to state court determinations of such issues. Instead, as is true whenever a procedural default is asserted in a habeas proceeding, the state is asking this court to respect its state-court procedural reason for failing—ever—to adjudicate a constitutional issue arising from a criminal conviction.
Ordinarily, of course—absent some applicable exception—we do respect the state court‘s procedural rules. But here, the state itself has in effect procedurally defaulted, by failing to inform the district court and the petitioner of the asserted procedural reason why petitioner may not be heard in state or federal court. We cannot see any basis for distinguishing this kind of procedural bar from any other where that is the case, the partial concurrence‘s suggestion to the contrary notwithstanding.
The partial concurrence also faults us for reaching the procedural bar waiver issue at all, noting that AEDPA expressly permits courts to deny habeas petitions on the merits despite a failure to exhaust.
We do agree, however, that appeals courts are empowered to, and in some cases should, reach the merits of habeas petitions if they are, on their face and without regard to any facts that could be developed below, clearly not meritorious despite an asserted procedural bar. See Lambrix v. Singletary, 520 U.S. 518, 525, 117 S.Ct. 1517, 137 L.Ed.2d 771 (1997) (“We do not mean to suggest that the procedural-bar issue must invariably be resolved first; only that it ordinarily should be. It is wasteful of both our resources and that of the litigants to remand to the district court a case in which that court improperly found a procedural bar, if the ultimate dismissal of the petition is a foregone conclusion.“). Procedural bar issues are not infrequently more complex than the merits issues presented by the appeal, so it may well make sense in some instances to proceed to the merits if the result will be the same. See, e.g., id. (“Judicial economy might counsel giving the Teague [v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 109 S.Ct. 1060, 103 L.Ed.2d 334 (1989)] question priority, for example, if it were easily resolvable against the habeas petitioner, whereas the procedural-bar issue involved complicated issues of state law.“).
In this instance, however, because the district court did reach the merits—indeed, was presented with no basis for not resolving them—we are not faced with the need to multiply judicial proceedings by remanding to the district court. Although we ultimately conclude that petitioner‘s merits contentions fail, reaching that conclusion requires considerable analysis, as the ensuing section of this opinion illustrates. Moreover, the question concerning whether our prior precedent regarding waiver of procedural bars survives AED-
In this case, the state provides no explanation whatsoever for its failure to raise a procedural default argument in the district court, much less any extraordinary reason for reaching the procedural default defense despite the state‘s failure to raise the issue below. See Barron, 172 F.3d at 1157 (finding no extraordinary circumstances present to “suggest that justice would be served by overlooking the government‘s omission” and therefore treating the procedural default as waived). Consequently, we decline to reach the state‘s argument that Franklin did not adequately raise in the state courts the issue he presented to the district court and argues here as well.
III. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
Under AEDPA, a petition for habeas corpus challenging a state conviction may be granted only if the state court‘s decision is “contrary to, or involves an unreasonable application of, clearly established federal law as determined by the Supreme Court of the United States.”
A. Application of the Strickland Standard
Under the two-prong test of Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984), Franklin, to prevail, must establish that (1) “counsel‘s performance was deficient, i.e., that it fell below an ‘objective standard of reasonableness’ under ‘prevailing professional norms‘“; and (2) “he was prejudiced by counsel‘s deficient performance, i.e., that ‘there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel‘s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.‘” Babbitt v. Calderon, 151 F.3d 1170, 1173 (9th Cir.1998) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691).
1. Deficient Representation5
Under Oregon law, the mens rea element of a sodomy offense requires that
(1) A person is guilty except for insanity if, as a result of mental disease or defect at the time of engaging in criminal conduct, the person lacks substantial capacity either to appreciate the criminality of the conduct or to conform the conduct to the requirements of the law.
(2) . . . the terms “mental disease or defect” do not include an abnormality manifested only by repeated criminal or otherwise antisocial conduct, nor do they include abnormality constituting solely a personality disorder.
Evidence of drug dependence alone is not sufficient evidence of a mental disease to justify giving an instruction to that effect. Herrera, 594 P.2d at 823. Some repeated criminal or antisocial activities, however, can evidence a mental disease or defect if those activities are attributable to a mental or psychological condition. Osborn v. Psychiatric Security Review Bd., 325 Or. 135, 934 P.2d 391 (1997) (pedophilia is not excluded from the definition‘s exception for antisocial conduct).
Franklin contends that, given these standards, it was objectively unreasonable for Berg not to investigate a mental state defense. “Counsel has a duty to make reasonable investigations or to make a reasonable decision that makes particular investigations unnecessary,” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691, and “must, at a minimum conduct a reasonable investigation enabling him to make informed decisions about how to best represent his client,” Sanders v. Ratelle, 21 F.3d 1446, 1456 (9th Cir.1994). “To determine the reasonableness of a decision not to investigate, the court must apply ‘a heavy measure of deference to counsel‘s judgments.‘” Babbitt, 151 F.3d at 1173 (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691).
Berg did have notice of facts sufficient to give rise to a duty to investigate the possibility of a mental state defense. He should have been aware of Franklin‘s substance abuse problems, his pedophilia, and his suicide attempts, because they were mentioned in the PSR prepared in Franklin I. Berg should have inquired into the records of the earlier proceedings.6 At sentencing, Berg referred to Franklin‘s substance abuse and other psychological problems and noted that Franklin had no memory of abusing his stepson, indicating that Berg did in fact know of the pertinent matters.
There is no evidence that Berg took any action at all to pursue a mental state defense, including “even a minimal investigation in order to make an informed decision regarding the possibility of a defense
Berg‘s only explanation of his strategy was that he intended to preserve an appeal on the double jeopardy claim. But a mental health defense and a double jeopardy claim are not mutually exclusive, and Berg did not in fact file the double jeopardy appeal nor preserve Franklin‘s ability to do so.
Moreover, Berg should have known from the outset that the double jeopardy defense could not be successful. The offenses against Franklin‘s three stepchildren occurred at different times and involved different victims. Each offense contained an element not necessary to prove the other offense. The incidents therefore could not be considered the “same offense” for purposes of the Double Jeopardy Clause. Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S. 299, 304, 52 S.Ct. 180, 76 L.Ed. 306 (1932).
Although the Oregon former jeopardy rule is broader than federal law on double jeopardy, Berg should also have known that this prosecution did not violate it. Oregon law provides: “No person shall be separately prosecuted for two or more offenses based upon the same criminal episode, if the several offenses are reasonably known to the appropriate prosecutor at the time of commencement of the first prosecution and establish proper venue in a single court.”
To say that Berg had little chance of establishing a state or federal double jeopardy violation is not to fault him for attempting to raise the defense.7 The fact remains, however, that the double jeopardy/former jeopardy arguments are fatally weak.
Berg‘s decision to pursue the weak double jeopardy defense to the exclusion of all other possible defenses constituted deficient representation. To be sure, once counsel reasonably elects to pursue one defense theory, “the need for further investigation [of the other theory] may be considerably diminished or eliminated altogether.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at
Filling in an explanation Berg did not provide, the state argues that Franklin wanted to go to trial and say he did not commit the offense, so his attorney could not also argue that Franklin committed the act but without the requisite intent. Once Franklin agreed to a stipulated-facts trial, however, he gave up any argument that he did not commit the act. At that point, whatever Franklin‘s earlier position, a mental state defense was no longer inconsistent with his strategy.
The state further contends that Berg had no indication that any mental defect caused by pedophilia or substance abuse rendered Franklin unable to conform his conduct to the law, so Berg‘s failure to investigate was reasonable. Berg was aware that Franklin had no memory of abusing his stepchildren yet believed the assertion that he did; that he had been diagnosed with alcohol dependence and pedophilia; and that he had attempted suicide. These facts should have led Berg, at a minimum, to investigate the possibility of meeting the applicable legal standard—for example, by engaging expert psychological assistance.
Instead, Berg negotiated a deal with the state that, in exchange for agreement to a stipulated-facts trial, the state would dismiss some of the counts and recommend concurrent sentencing. A reasonable attorney may well have concluded that such a deal was better for his client than attempting to present a somewhat dubious, unsympathetic mental state defense. Jurors may well, for example, look skeptically at a claim that someone who is psychologically prone to sexually abuse children should not be found guilty of a crime when he does commit such abuse. Berg did not, however, contend that he made such an informed, calculated decision. Rather, for all that appears in the record, Berg simply failed to consider or to investigate the viability of a mental state defense.
The state maintains, finally, that at the time of Franklin‘s trial the status of drug and alcohol addiction as a mental disease or defect was unclear, and that it is still unsettled. It is true that no Oregon case holds that alcohol or drug addiction is a mental disease or defect, but none holds otherwise either. See Cramer v. Psychiatric Security Review Bd., 122 Or.App. 290, 857 P.2d 232 (1993) (refusing to address whether substance and alcohol abuse constituted a mental disease or defect); Hanson v. Psychiatric Security Review Bd., 156 Or.App. 198, 965 P.2d 1051 (1998) (stating that alcoholism is not a personality disorder or an abnormality “manifested only by repeated criminal or otherwise antisocial conduct” excluded from the definition of mental disease or defect under
In sum, Berg neither provided any strategic explanation for his failure to pursue a
2. Prejudice
That Berg‘s representation was objectively unreasonable is not sufficient to establish deprivation of Franklin‘s Sixth Amendment right to counsel “if the error had no effect on the judgment.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691. To establish prejudice, Franklin must establish “a reasonable probability“—that is, a “probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome“—that, but for counsel‘s deficient performance, “the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 694.
The state stipulated that Franklin was under the influence of alcohol at the time he sexually abused his stepson. Also, the state court concluded that Franklin “was a drug addict and alcoholic and there was a possibility of a mental state defense.”
Still, the record does not establish a reasonable probability that Franklin‘s alcoholism or any other mental disease or defect left him “lack[ing] substantial capacity either to appreciate the criminality of the conduct or to conform the conduct to the requirements of the law.”
We therefore conclude that Franklin has not established prejudice under the Strickland standard, and cannot be eligible for habeas relief.
IV. CONCLUSION
The state waived the defense of procedural default even though it did not do so expressly. On the merits, we hold that, although Franklin‘s counsel represented him in an objectively inadequate manner, Franklin has not demonstrated that he suffered prejudice. We therefore AFFIRM the district court‘s denial of Franklin‘s
AFFIRMED.
O‘SCANNLAIN, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and concurring in the judgment:
I concur in Parts I and III of the court‘s opinion affirming the district court‘s denial of Charles Harvey Joseph Franklin‘s § 2254 habeas petition. I agree that the representation Franklin received, while below our reasonableness standard, did not entitle him to habeas relief. However, because the issue of whether the State waived its procedural default argument is more complicated than the majority allows, I cannot join Part II of the court‘s opinion.
I
The court speculates that while a “state shall not be deemed to have waived the exhaustion requirement . . . unless the state, through counsel, expressly waives
At bottom, the State argues that Franklin failed to exhaust his claim in state court, and, therefore, by function of Oregon law,1 it is procedurally barred from our consideration. See Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 735 n. 1, 111 S.Ct. 2546, 115 L.Ed.2d 640 (1991) (If “the court to which petitioner would be required to present his claims in order to meet the exhaustion requirement would now find the claims procedurally barred,” the petitioner has committed a “procedural default for purposes of federal habeas.“). There could be no procedural bar argument in this case without Franklin‘s failure first to exhaust his claim. Thus, because the State‘s argument is based upon Franklin‘s failure to exhaust his claim, which, as a by-product, renders it procedurally barred for our purposes, I would hold that the State did not waive this argument by failing to raise it below. The majority‘s opinion is able to dance around
II
Part of the difficulty lies in the fact that a “procedural bar” can encompass two different scenarios. The first is illustrated by this case: Franklin failed to exhaust his claim in state court, and now, even if he returned to state court, it would turn him away. As a result, his claim is procedurally barred in federal court. See Coleman, 501 U.S. at 735 n. 1. The second scenario encompassed by “procedural bar” occurs not when a habeas petitioner fails to exhaust his claim in state court, but rather when the state court will not hear his claim due to a state procedural bar. For example, if at his state trial Franklin failed to object to the admission of evidence that allegedly violates due process, and state law provided that the failure to lodge a contemporaneous objection to the admission of evidence constitutes a procedural bar for state court purposes, then we, too, would find Franklin‘s claim procedurally barred in the federal habeas context (if, of course, the state law constituted an adequate and independent state ground to procedurally bar petitioner‘s claim). See id. at 731-32.
In the second scenario, the exhaustion requirement does not come into play. It is not that a petitioner failed to exhaust his claim; rather, it is that the state court system, based on its own procedural rules, will not hear it. In this instance, I would hold
The majority cites Jackson v. Johnson, 194 F.3d 641 (5th Cir.1999), to support its holding, but that case does not undermine my analysis. Jackson dealt with the second type of procedural bar I described above, i.e., that which does not involve a petitioner‘s failure to exhaust. Id. at 651-52. Jackson recognizes, and I agree, that the “exhaustion requirement is related but distinct from that of procedural default,” id. at 652 n. 35, but this observation is not determinative for
Finally, I note that as a practical matter, the court‘s “discussion” of this issue in Part II is just as the majority recognizes—“discussion.” Supra at 1233. It is unnecessary to its holding, see
III
Because this case involves a procedural bar in name only, and actually is based upon Franklin‘s failure to exhaust his claims in state court, I believe that
For that reason, I respectfully concur in Parts I and III of the opinion and concur in the judgment.