Chapman's Case

321 Mass. 705 | Mass. | 1947

Honan, J.

This is an appeal by the insurer from a final decree awarding compensation to an employee by reason of an injury received while he was milling lumber into clapboards during his lunch period.

. The reviewing board found that it was customary for employees to take orders from third persons for lumber, some of which was required to be milled; that the employee would get a sales slip for the stock or material, which would be charged to the employee and deducted from his pay; and that if the material was to be milled he would usually be given a mill order showing the work to be done, which was to be returned to the employer on completion of the work in order that a charge for this labor might be made to the customer. This procedure of obtaining sales slips and mill orders was not always followed. All money received by the employee from any of the customers was turned over by him to the employer. The board also found that at the time of his injury the employee was making clapboards intended for one Powers and that he had milled clapboards on previous occasions; that this method of selling lumber through its employees was established by the employer for its own convenience; that the employee acted merely as an agent of the employer who received the entire benefit from these transactions; and that the injury arose out of and in the course of the employment.

The insurer challenges the correctness of these findings of the board. It contends that the employee was working oil his own lumber during his lunch time for his own personal advantage upon a machine which was not suitable but dangerous to use in turning out clapboards; that he was acting entirely outside of his sphere of employment, doing work for which he was not to be paid by the employer and using the employer’s machinery for which he was not to pay; and that the injury did not arise out of and in the course of the employment.

In reviewing the findings of the board, we examine the evidence to determine whether the findings, assailed by the appellant, could be reasonably deduced from the evidence and the rational inferences of which it was susceptible, and the decision of the board must be sustained if there may be found from the evidence any facts or combination of facts that would support it. It is the exclusive function of the board to consider and weigh the evidence and to ascertain and settle the facts. Any contention that the board ought to have made contrary findings is unavailing if the findings made are not without sufficient evidentiary support. The decision of the board is not to be set aside unless a different conclusion is required as matter of law. Whatever decision on the facts was possible or probable, the only question of law raised by this appeal is whether there was any evidence upon which the findings could have been made. Lazarz’s Case, 293 Mass. 538, 540. Ricci’s Case, 294 Mass. 67. Griffin’s Case, 315 Mass. 71, 73. Sawyer’s Case, 315 Mass. 75, 76. Flaherty’s Case, 316 Mass. 719, 722. Webb’s Case, 318 Mass. 357, 358.

There was evidence tending to show that the employee had from time to time turned out clapboards on orders from his employer, and that the latter knew that he had performed such work. The board also had before it a bill for lumber sold to the employee for Powers that included clapboards which the employee had turned out of stock similar to That used by him when he was injured. If the board believed the testimony of witnesses called by the insurer that the mill was not equipped with any machinery suitable for making clapboards, it could nevertheless find that the employer never forbade the use of its machinery for this purpose but knew and permitted the employee to use whatever machinery was available in order to turn out, clapboards. A finding was therefore permissible that the making of clapboards on the resowing machine — which was one of the machines he was hired to operate — was one of the. duties involved in the employment, even if the necessity for its performance may not have arisen as frequently as some other duties of the employee. Brady’s Case, 256 Mass. 267. Shute’s Case, 290 Mass. 393. Ferreira’s Case, 294 Mass. 405. Maguskas’s Case, 298 Mass. 80. Warakomski’s Case, 310 Mass. 657. Schneider’s Case, 311 Mass. 427.

There was no evidence that the employee was guilty of wilful and serious misconduct in operating the machine for the milling of clapboards; and if we assume that he was negligent in so doing, nevertheless the negligent performance of work involved in his employment does not remove the work beyond the bounds of the employment and does not prevent an injury thereby incurred from having a causal connection therewith. Swardleck’s Case, 264 Mass. 495. Maguskas’s Case, 298 Mass. 80.

If the employee had voluntarily undertaken for his own personal reasons to make a few clapboards on his own time solely for the accommodation of a friend and the employer had had no interest therein and had derived no benefit therefrom, and in the absence of any evidence tending to show that such use of the machinery was contemplated by the terms of the employment, and if the employee had thereby sustained an injury, such injury as matter of law would not have arisen out of the employment. O’Toole’s Case, 229 Mass. 165. Haggard’s Case, 234 Mass. 330. Maronofsky’s Case, 234 Mass. 343 Bolden’s Case, 235 Mass. 309. Dattilo’s Case, 273 Mass. 333. Horton’s Case, 275 Mass. 572. Campbell’s Case, 288 Mass. 529. Compare Batts’s Case, 295 Mass. 335.

There was, however, evidence that the employee at the time of his injury had not embarked upon an enterprise exclusively for his own personal purpose and beyond the ambit of his employment. The employer was a dealer in lumber and interested in selling its goods. It did, as the evidence shows, establish a method of increasing its sales by selling through its employees lumber requested by third persons, under which payment for the material was deducted from the employee’s pay and the customer was charged for the milling. All moneys collected by the employee from those who purchased the lumber were turned over to the employer and the employee was then reimbursed for the amount deducted from his pay. Although there is no specific finding as to who was to bear the cost of the milling of this small quantity of lumber, which comprised only two pieces for which a charge of $1.32 was made to the employee, the board could find that the cost of labor was to be charged to the customer and when collected by the employee was paid to the employer. Clark, who had charge of making out sales slips for the stock and mill orders for whatever milling was to be done, gave a sales slip but no mill order to the employee. The latter testified that he told Clark what he intended to do with the lumber and that Clark told him to go ahead. The employee testified that when he started to mill the lumber he punched a time card, as “right there, I had a whole bunch of them,” and that ordinarily when the work was completed the card was punched again and in the usual course of events he or someone else would take the card to the office. The purpose of punching a card when beginning and finishing the milling was to enable the employer to make a charge to the customer for the work. He was fairly sure that there was such a time record of the work he had started on when he was injured. No such record was produced. It may be that he did not intend to make out a time card so that a charge for milling might be made by his employer, and that he did not intend to pay the employer anything on account of the use of the machinery. But these were not the only permissible inferences that could be drawn from the evidence. It may well be, as found by the board, that the failure to complete the time card for the work was not conclusive against the employee because the injury prevented the completion of this card. Whether the employee intended to follow the usual practice of giving the employer a time card so that a charge to the customer could be made for the milling was a question of fact. The finding of the board that the employer and not the employee received the entire benefit of this method of selling its goods was warranted by the evidence and so was the conclusion that the employee’s injury arose out of and in the course of his employment. Pacific Indemnity Co. v. Industrial Accident Commission, 105 Cal. App. 535. Glielmi v. Netherland Dairy Co. Inc. 254 N. Y. 60.

Even if the employee was not to receive anything for milling these two pieces of lumber and in doing so he was accommodating Powers, this would not bar him from compensation where it could be found that he was not doing the work in accordance with any gratuity or favor extended to him but that such work had become at least an incident of the employment, Batts’s Case, 295 Mass. 335; Sylvia’s Case, 298 Mass. 27, 28; Warakomski’s Case, 310 Mass. 657, and that he was acting primarily and principally for the benefit of his employer within the sphere of his employment. Dauphine v. Industrial Accident Commission, 57 Cal. App. (2d) 949. Kuharski v. Bristol Brass Corp. 132 Conn. 563. Saber v. Home Lumber & Coal Co. 63 Idaho, 776. Hinckley & Schmitt v. Industrial Commission, 391 Ill. 577. Linderman v. Cownie Furs, 234 Iowa, 708. Schwimmer v. Kammerman & Kaminsky, 262 N. Y. 104. Munson v. State Industrial Accident Commission, 142 Ore. 252. Johnson v. Industrial Commission, 222 Wis. 19. Compare Ross v. John Hancock Mutual Life Ins. Co. 222 Mass. 560; Horton’s Case, 275 Mass. 572; Marks v. Gray, 251 N. Y. 90,.

The mere fact that the performance of duties which resulted in [njury to the employee occurred before or after regular working hours or during a lunch period would not, bar him from compensation if his claim was otherwise compensable. Griffin v. Industrial Accident Commission, 19 Cal. App. (2d) 727. Tingey v. Industrial Accident Commission, 22 Cal. (2d) 636. Chicago, Wilmington & Franklin Coal Co. v. Industrial Commission, 303 Ill. 540. Perdew v. Nufer Cedar Co. 201 Mich. 520. Geibig v. Ann Arbor Asphalt Construction Co. 238 Mich. 560. Tragas v. Cudahy Packing Co. 110 Neb. 329. Grieb v. Hammerle, 222 N. Y. 382. Brown v. Bristol Last Block Co. 94 Vt. 123. Indeed, compensation for an injury which arose out of the- actual performance of his work but outside the usual hours could hardly be denied in this Commonwealth where it is well established that an employee is entitled to compensation for an injury sustained outside the regular hours even if at the time of his injury he was engaged in something which was only incidental to his employment. Sousa’s Case, 316 Mass. 332, 335. Bradford’s Case, 319 Mass. 621, 622-623. Kubera’s Case, 320 Mass. 419, 421.

Each of the requests for rulings called for a ruling to the effect that upon all the evidence certain facts essential to an award could not be found. This appeal opens up the question whether there was any evidence upon which the findings could have been made, and no other or different question is raised by these requests for rulings. They are disposed of by what has already been said. There was no need for such requests. The findings of the board were sufficiently definite and specific to demonstrate the principles of law adopted by the board in reaching its conclusion. The appellant was entitled to nothing more. The board properly refused to regard any of these requests. Di Clavio’s Case, 293 Mass. 259, 263. Belezarian’s Case, 307 Mass. 557, 560, 561. Amon’s Case, 315 Mass. 210, 215. Roney’s Case, 316 Mass. 732, 736.

The exceptions to evidence require only a brief discussion. Evidence of previous milling of clapboards by the employee, the whereabouts of the foreman while so engaged, the bill of sale of clapboards for Powers, and the occasional operation of machinery during the lunch period, was competent as bearing upon the scope of employment. There was no error in admitting the testimony of the employee that he had told Clark what he intended to do with the two pieces of lumber and that Clark told him to go ahead. Among Clark’s duties was the issuance of sales slips for stock and orders for milling. While these orders were usually in writing, the board could find that what he said to the employee amounted to an oral order differing only in form from that which Clark was admittedly authorized to give. Such an oral order could be found to be within Clark’s authority. See Sanborn v. Fireman’s Ins. Co. 16 Gray, 448; Cass v. Lord, 236 Mass. 430, 432; Shumway v. Home Fire & Marine Ins. Co. 301 Mass. 391, 394; Tetrault v. Ghibellini, 316 Mass. 477, 479; Peay v. Reidy, ante, 455, 459; Restatement: Agency, § 229. The testimony of the employee that he understood that he was to pay for the milling, even if technically inadmissible because it was a conclusion, could not have harmed the insurer but tended to support its contention that the employee was working for himself and not for his employer when he was injured. That evidence might also be fairly construed with reference to other testimony as meaning that the cost of the milling was to be paid by him as he had always done when he turned over to the employer what he collected from the customer. In any event, the admission of this evidence is too insubstantial to require a reversal of the decision of the board under the rule established in workmen’s compensation cases. Pigeon’s Case, 216 Mass. 51, 55. Beckles’s Case, 230 Mass. 272, 274. Sciola’s Case, 236 Mass. 407, 413. Caccamo’s Case, 316 Mass. 358, 363.

Decree affirmed.