62 Mo. App. 45 | Mo. Ct. App. | 1895
The plaintiffs sue on an oral contract for insurance to cover a loss by fire. The petition states, in substance, that the defendant, in consideration of a premium paid to it, agreed with the plaintiffs to execute and deliver to them a policy in the usual form issued by the defendant, insuring the plaintiffs on a certain house to the extent of $300 against loss by fire for a period of one year from and after March 30,1894. The petition also states, in substance, that the property insured was totally destroyed by fire during the year
The sufficiency of.the petition was challenged by a •a general objection to the admission of evidence and by motion in arrest, but in no other manner. Exceptions were taken to the action of the court in overruling these ■objections, but these exceptions are not pressed on our attention, the defendant, in effect, conceding that, under the rulings in Richardson v. Insurance Company, 57 Mo. 413, and Lingenfelter v. Insurance Company, 19 Mo. App. 252, the petition is good after verdict. The errors complained of relate to the admission of certain evidence hereinafter noted, and to the refusal of the two instructions asked by the defendant which are hereinafter set out.
The sole witnesses to the contract of insurance were ■one of the plaintiffs and the defendant’s agent. The ■evidence given by this plaintiff tended to show that he applied to the agent for the insurance in question, paying to him at the time part of the premium, and that "the agent told him he would place the risk in the defendant company, and that the plaintiffs might consider themselves insured from that date. The agent represented a number of insurance companies, and the main contention between the parties was, whether the defendant company was agreed upon as the underwriter at the time when the premium was paid. After this plaintiff had stated, as a witness generally, what passed between him and the agent, he was asked by counsel: ■“Was there anything said — what was said about what
In Myer v. Railway Company, 43 Mo. 523, it was held that whether leading questions should be permitted rest in the sound discretion of the court, and its decision is not assignable as error. The same view was expressed in Smith a. Hutchings, 30 Mo. 380, and Wilbur v. Johnson, 58 Mo. 600. This is, perhaps, stating the rule too broadly, as the discretion is not arbitrary but judicial, and judicial discretion is always the subject of review. In Reber v. Tower, 11 Mo. App. 199, loc. cit. 210, the authorities on this question are collected, and the rule is stated to be that the ruling of the court in permitting leading questions can be reviewed on appeal only in very clear cases of abuse, or, as frequently said, in cases of flagrant abuse. It is evident that, even if we apply this more liberal rule, the defendant has no just ground of complaint in the present instance.
The evidence given by this plaintiff was contradicted by the agent, who was positive that he never told the plaintiff in what company he would place the risk. The fire occurred within two days after this conversation. The agent’s evidence was partially contradicted by two witnesses for the plaintiff, who testified in rebuttal that the agent did tell plaintiffs after the fire that he had placed the risk in the Phoenix. This evidence was introduced as impeaching, and not as independent, evidence. Such being, in substance, all the evidence bearing on this question, the court, at the request of the defendant, instructed the jury that, unless the minds of the parties met on the question that the risk was placed in the Phoenix, there could be no recovery, whatever the plaintiff may have understood in
“The court instructs the jury that while it is true that a company, whose usual mode of insuring property is by issuing a written policy of insurance in favor of the insured party, may bind- itself by an oral contract of insurance, yet it is not sufficient that the greater weight or preponderance of the evidence be in favor of such contract as in ordinary civil cases, but, before the jury can find the existence of such oral contract of insurance in such case, the evidence of such contract must be so clear and satisfactory as to leave no reasonable doubt upon the minds of the jury as to the existence of such contract; and if, upon all the evidence in this case, you have a reasonable doubt as to whether or not such contract was made, your verdict must be for the defendant.”
“The court instructs the jury that, while it is true that defendant may bind itself by a verbal contract of insurance, yet the fact that no policy was in fact issued, and that defendant’s method of insuring property was by the issuance of writtén policies, may be considered by the jury as tending to support defendant’s contention that no contract of insurance was actually made.”
Where the plaintiff seeks to establish by evidence of an oral contract his right to a policy, the evidence must be clear and conclusive to support a decree in equity. McCann v. Insurance Company, 3 Neb. 198; Suydam v. Ins. Co., 18 Ohio, 459; Neville v. Insurance Company, 19 Ohio, 452. This is but a branch of the well established rule, that specific performance of a contract will not be decreed on doubtful evidence. Stevenvenson v. Adams, 50 Mo. 475; Mastin v. Halley, 61 Mo. 196; Tedford v. Trimble, 87 Mo. 226. We concede that the rule should be the same where the plaintiff sues at
All the judges concurring, the judgment is affirmed.