This is an action brought by appellant, a citizen of Afghanistan, to review an order of the District Director of the United States Immigration and Naturalizatiоn Service deporting him; to declare the same void; and to enjoin the deportation. (5 U.S.C.A. § 1009; 66 Stat. 208, 8 U.S.C.A. § 1252.) The District Court had original jurisdiction to review (Shaughnеssy v. Pedreiro,
Appellant entered this country unlawfully on April 25th, 1923. On August 28th or 29th, 1949, 1 his status was adjusted and he was granted a Certificate of Registry.
On January 25th, 1952 a jury convicted appellant of both counts of a two count indictment charging him with violation of § 145(b) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939 (26 U.S.C. § 145(b)), 2 *549 which charged him with wilfully attemрting to defeat and evade his income tax for the years 1946 and 1947 by filing two separate “false and fraudulent income tax returns.”
Thereafter aрpellant’s Certificate of Registry adjusting his status was rescinded, and in subsequent proceedings he was found deportable as having been convictеd of two crimes involving moral turpitude (8 U.S.C.A. § 1251(a) (4)). 3 The District Court affirmed the order of deportation.
The issue is simple. Was appellant, “after entry, * * * convicted of two crimes involving moral turpitude, not arising out of a single scheme of criminal misconduct?”
Two questions must be answered. Does conviction of 26 U.S.C. § 145(b) involve moral turpitude ? If so, does the evidenсe disclose that the two convictions arise from a single scheme?
This Court has already answered the first question affirmatively where, as here, intеnt to defraud the government is charged in the indictment and found by the jury.
“We follow the rule laid down in the De George case (Jordan v. De George, 1951,341 U.S. 223 ,71 S.Ct. 703 ,95 L.Ed. 886 and Bloch v. United States, 9 Cir., 1955,221 F.2d 786 , 788) that an intent to defraud the government is a prerequisite to conviction under Sec. 145(b), and hence, a conviction thereof where such fraud is chаrged in the indictment, is conviction of a crime involving moral turpitude.” Tseung Chu v. Cornell, etc., 9 Cir.,247 F.2d 929 , 936, certiorari denied 1957,355 U.S. 892 ,78 S.Ct. 265 ,2 L.Ed. 2d 190 .
This has long been the rule. Reyes v. Neely, 5 Cir., 1956,
The second question is slightly more difficult. Appellant points to nо facts in the record supporting his assumption that the two years of evasion could have been the result of a single plan or scheme. In fact, hе assumes they were “for purposes of argument only.” Fraudulent returns in two different years could, or could not, be one plan or scheme. But we hаve no facts to prove such a scheme. We have here two different returns involving transactions a year apart. The evidence rеquired on each count was necessarily different, and referred to acts occurring a year apart. This, alone, is persuasive that two unrelated crimes were charged. In the absence of all evidence to the contrary, complete crimes committed on differing dаtes or in differing places are considered separate and different crimes, and support separate charges. Could the defendant in this case urge that there was but one substantive offense charged against him, and hence that the government was required to choose for which year it desired to prosecute defendant? Obviously not.
The mere assumption that evidence of a crime alleged in the first count might be аdmissible in a prosecution under the second count does not necessarily prove that if two somewhat similar crimes are *550 committed a year apart, they are part of a common scheme.
To reduce appellant’s position to an absurdity, he must urge that once an alien is convicted of fraudulently evading an income tax for one year, any subsequent attempt to evade income tax and convictions thereof must be presumed part of a single scheme or plan dating baсk to the original charge. If this were so, the alien could never be deported, even though the convictions were twenty years apart. We cannot conceive this to be the meaning of the statute..
We fully'understand that deportation is .a drastic- measure, a. forfeiture of residеnce, and.a penalty. For that reason,. the statutory provision should' be generously construed. Fong Haw Tan v. Phelan, 1948,
Appellant’s proposed “common sense” test is whether evidencе of the crime alleged- in the first count 'Of the indictment would be admissible in a prosecution under the-second count, and “since the, theory ,of admissibility wоuld -be whether there was a plan or scheme, if such evidence c.ould be admitted this would show that there was in fact only a-single scheme.”
Appellant’s premise is. false. There are theories of admissibility of a previous similar act other than to show a plan- or scheme. For exаmple, previous similar acts may be introduced -to establish constituent-elements of-the crime charg-' ed, such as intent or motive, and may havе no direct or apparent connection. Fall v. U. S.,
Finally, аppellant urged at oral argument a matter not raised below nor in his brief, namely: that appellant was convicted of income tax evasion in January 1952, and that the Walters-McCarran Immigration Act was passed June 27th, 1952; that the Act cannot be used against him.
8 U.S.C.A. § 1251(a) reads in pertinent part:
.“Anyalien * * --.shall * * * be deported who * '* * (4) * * at any time after entry is convicted, of two crimes involving moral turpitude, .not arising out of a single scheme of. criminal misconduct * * * » [Emphasis..added.]
Appellant urgеs “is convicted” can only refer to events occurring after passage of the Act, particularly bécaus'é § 1251 (a) . (3) uses the phrase “hereafter” and § 1251(a) (6) uses the phrase “is or at any' time has been, after entry, a member of any” of certain classes of aliens. The'very inclusion in § 1251(a) (4) of the words “at any time after entry” makes the Act applicable to any conviction occurring after entry. ‘ These same words were in the previous -1940 Act, 4 and Congress, examining each section with great care, chose to use the same words, making the penalty applicablе to any alien being twice convicted of certain' crimes committed at any time after entry.
This Court reaffirms the finding of the District Court that the appellant was given a fair hearing аnd that the decision of deportkbility is based upon reasonable, substantial and probative evidence.
The judgment is aifir'med.
Notes
. Appellant’s “Pacts” state the dаte to be August 29, 1949; appellee’s, August 28, 1949.
. Title 26 U.S.C. § 145(b) 1939 Code, provides:
“Any person required under this chapter to collect, account for, and pay over any tax imposеd by this chapter, who willfully fails to collect or truthfully account for and pay over such tax, and any person who willfully attempts in any manner to evаde or defeat any tax imposed by this chapter or the payment thereof, shall, in addition to other penalties provided by law, be guilty of a felony and, upon conviction thereof, be fined not *549 more than $10,000, or imprisoned for not more than five years, or both, together with the costs of prosecution.”
. Title 8 U.S.O.A. § 1251(a) (4) provides :
“(a) Any alien in the United States (including an alien crewman) shall, upon the order of the Attorney General, be deported who- * * *
“(4) Is convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude eommitteed within five years after entry and either sentenced to confinement or confined thеrefor in a prison or corrective institution, for a year or more, or who at any time after entry is convicted of two crimes involving moral turpitude, not arising out of a single scheme of criminal misconduct, regardless of whether confined therefor and regardless of whether the convictions were in a single trial.”
. 8 U.S.C.A; § 155(a) (1942 ed.).