559 N.W.2d 374 | Mich. Ct. App. | 1997
Liza Cheuk May CHAN, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
CITY OF TROY, Defendant-Appellant, and
Michigan State Police, Defendant, and
Michigan Municipal League Defense Fund, Amicus Curiae.
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
*375 Dawn A. Schumacher, Troy, for City of Troy.
Michael J. Modelski, Sylvan Lake, for amicus curiae Michigan Municipal League Defense Fund.
Before SAWYER, P.J., and BANDSTRA and M.J. TALBOT,[*] JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Plaintiff, a lawfully admitted permanent resident alien who is not a United States citizen, was denied a permit to purchase a pistol on the basis of M.C.L. § 28.422(3)(b); M.S.A. § 28.92(3)(b).[1] This statute only allows the issuance of a pistol permit to a "qualified" applicant who must necessarily be "a citizen of the United States." Plaintiff subsequently sued defendant City of Troy and the Michigan State Police, arguing that M.C.L. § 28.422(3)(b); M.S.A. § 28.92(3)(b) is unconstitutional because it denies her equal protection. The trial court granted summary disposition for plaintiff, opining that the citizenship requirement of the statute is unconstitutional. The City of Troy now appeals by leave granted.[2] We affirm.
The City of Troy argues that the trial court erred in finding that the United States citizenship requirement of M.C.L. § 28.422(3)(b); M.S.A. § 28.92(3)(b) is unconstitutional. We disagree and conclude that the trial court properly found that the citizenship *376 requirement unconstitutionally discriminated on the basis of alienage.
M.C.L. § 28.422(3)(b); M.S.A. § 28.92(3)(b) provides that, in order to obtain a license to purchase or carry a pistol, the applicant must, among other things, be a citizen of the United States and a legal resident of Michigan. The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment provides that no state shall "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." U.S. Const., Am. XIV. The Equal Protection Clause directs that "`all persons similarly circumstanced shall be treated alike.'" El Souri v. Dep't of Social Services, 429 Mich. 203, 207, 414 N.W.2d 679 (1987). (Citation omitted.) Generally, a state law that discriminates on the basis of alienage can be sustained only if it can withstand strict judicial scrutiny. Bernal v. Fainter, 467 U.S. 216, 219, 104 S. Ct. 2312, 81 L. Ed. 2d 175 (1984). Aliens lawfully within this country have the right to reside in any state "`on an equality of legal privileges with all citizens under non-discriminatory laws.'" Graham v. Richardson, 403 U.S. 365, 378, 91 S. Ct. 1848, 1855, 29 L. Ed. 2d 534 (1971). (Citation omitted.) However, when dealing with a state law that "primarily serves a political function," a rational basis test is used, even if the law classifies people on the basis of alienage. Cabell v. Chavez-Salido, 454 U.S. 432, 439, 102 S. Ct. 735, 70 L. Ed. 2d 677 (1982); El Souri, supra at 208, 414 N.W.2d 679. In determining whether a rational basis analysis will be used, a court must examine whether the state's sovereign authority is at issue. Cabell, supra at 438-440, 102 S. Ct. at 739-740. Thus, for example, a rational basis test may apply to a state's disallowing legal aliens from serving as public office holders or participating in other "state functions [closely] bound up with the operation of the State as a governmental entity...." Id. at 439, 102 S. Ct. at 739.
We conclude that the general rule requiring strict scrutiny, rather than the exception allowing use of a rational basis test, applies here. See Ambach v. Norwick, 441 U.S. 68, 75, 99 S. Ct. 1589, 1593-1594, 60 L. Ed. 2d 49 (1979). The statute at issue in this case regulates who is eligible to purchase or carry a pistol. The purchase or possession of a pistol clearly is not a "function[ ] ... bound up with the operation of the State as a governmental entity," nor does it otherwise involve the implementation of the sovereign powers of a state. Cabell, supra at 439, 102 S. Ct. at 739-740. Allowing or disallowing pistol possession is not "an element in `the State's broad power to define its political community.'" Id. at 440, 102 S. Ct. at 740. (Citation omitted.) Plaintiff does not fall under the "political function" exception to the general rule that alienage is treated as a suspect classification. Accordingly, a strict scrutiny analysis must be used in reviewing whether M.C.L. § 28.422(3)(b); M.S.A. § 28.92(3)(b) violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
A statute reviewed under strict scrutiny will be upheld only "if the state demonstrates that its classification scheme has been precisely tailored to serve a compelling governmental interest." Doe v. Dep't of Social Services, 439 Mich. 650, 662, 487 N.W.2d 166 (1992). The City of Troy argues that the statute in question is intended to limit the accessibility of concealable weapons to the general public because of their inherent danger. Assuming this is a sufficient governmental interest, we conclude that the statute, in its treatment of legal aliens, is not "precisely tailored to serve" that interest. Id. Although the state has an interest in regulating firearms to prevent persons who are dangerous from obtaining firearms, the statute, which prohibits the purchase of pistols by all noncitizens, fails to distinguish between dangerous noncitizens and those noncitizens who would pose no particular threat if allowed to purchase the weapons. Thus, the method adopted to achieve the goal of regulating weapons and limiting the accessibility of pistols is not precisely and narrowly tailored.
The trial court properly granted summary disposition for plaintiff because the citizenship requirement of M.C.L. § 28.422(3)(b); M.S.A. § 28.92(3)(b) violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.[3]*377 However, the remainder of the statute is still valid. People v. Victor, 287 Mich. 506, 511, 283 N.W. 666 (1939).
We affirm.
NOTES
[*] Circuit judge, sitting on the Court of Appeals by assignment.
[1] Effective April 1, 1996, the statutory language contained in M.C.L. § 28.422(3)(b); M.S.A. § 28.92(3)(b) has been renumbered and is now contained in M.C.L. § 28.422(3)(c); M.S.A. § 28.92(3)(c). 1994 P.A. 338.
[2] The motion of the Michigan State Police for summary disposition was granted by the trial court, thus dismissing that party from the lawsuit. Plaintiff has not appealed this order.
[3] The statute is only unconstitutional in requiring that applicants for a pistol license be United States citizens, discriminating against legal and illegal aliens alike. Had the statute excluded only illegal aliens, as opposed to all noncitizens, it may well have passed constitutional muster. See 18 U.S.C. § 922(d)(5), which limits its prohibition of distribution of firearms to aliens who are "illegally or unlawfully in the United States."
