OPINION
This action was initiated by Plaintiffs CenturyTel of Chatham LLC; CenturyTel of North Louisiana LLC; CenturyTel of East Louisiana, LLC; CenturyTel of Central Louisiana, LLC; CenturyTel of Ring-gold, LLC; CenturyTel of Southeast Louisiana, LLC; CenturyTel of Southwest Louisiana, LLC; CenturyTel of Evangeline, LLC; CenturyTel of Missouri, LLC; Mebtel, Inc.; CenturyTel of Idaho, Inc.; Gallatin River Communications, LLC; CenturyTel of Northwest Louisiana, Inc.; CenturyTel of Lake Dallas, Inc.; Century-Tel of Port Aransas, Inc.; CenturyTel of San Marcos, Inc.; Spectra Communications Group, LLC; CenturyTel of Arkansas, Inc.; CenturyTel of Mountain Home, Inc.; CenturyTel of Redfield, Inc.; Centu-ryTel of Northwest Arkansas, LLC; Cen-turyTel of Central Arkansas, LLC; Centu-ryTel of South Arkansas, Inc.; CenturyTel of North Mississippi, Inc.; Gulf Telephone Co.; CenturyTel of Alabama, LLC; Centu-ryTel of Adamsville, Inc.; CenturyTel of Claiborne, Inc.; CenturyTel of Ooltewah Collegedale, Inc.; CenturyTel of Ohio, Inc.; CenturyTel of Central Indiana, Inc.;
A bench trial was held in this matter on February 2-3, 2016. The Court took the case under advisement. The parties submitted initial post-trial briefs on March 24, 2016 [Doc. Nos. 206 & 207] and response briefs on April 7, 2016. [Doc. Nos. 208 & 209].
The Court hereby enters the following findings of fact and conclusions of law. To the extent that any finding of fact constitutes a conclusion of law, the Court hereby adopts it as such, and to the extent that any conclusion of law constitutes a finding of fact, the Court hereby adopts it as such.
I. FINDINGS OF FACT
Sprint is a limited partnership organized under the laws of the State of Delaware and with its principal place of business in Kansas. Sprint acts as a telecommunicar tions carrier providing telecommunications
During the relevant time period of August 2007 to October 2011 (“the Dispute Period”), Sprint delivered traffic or calls
Beginning in 2004, Sprint entered into wholesale contracts with various cable television companies to deliver (or “terminate”) their customers’ calls to telecommunications networks across the country, including CenturyLirik’s local exchange carriers (“LECs”). VoIP technology is commonly used by cable companies to provide voice services to their subscribers, so that they can make and receive calls. Cable company subscribers make VoIP-originated calls by speaking into analog phones; The phones convert their speech into data packets. The phones are connected to internet protocol (“IP”)-compati-ble multi-media terminal equipment (“MMT”) at their locations. The MMT sends the data packets out as IP. Because there was IP and a data connection, cable customers could: obtain other services, including a do not disturb feature, caller ID on the subscriber’s television screen, and the ability for incoming calls to ring on their home telephone and another designated telephone (e.g. cell phone) at the same time. However, all of these additional services are available only at the subscriber’s location, that is, for incoming calls.
In its role with the cable companies, Sprint converts the VoIP-originated calls to TDM using a soft switch, which is a voice switch that has the ability to operate interiorly with an IP network and handle
CenturyLink must then deliver the calls to the end users, its customers. Sprint pays “access charges” or tariffed charges to CenturyLink for providing this so-called switched access services, i.e., delivering the voice calls to its subscribers/end users/customers.
The federal and state tariffs set the rates and terms for “terminating access service.” Tariffs generally specify certain information, that the customer must provide to complete a request for service, so that it is possible for the carrier (that is, CenturyLink) to determine the tariff under which the carrier’s facilities are provisioned and billed. The information provided did not include the origination of the call.
During the Dispute Period, CenturyLink made no distinction based on the form in which calls originated. Prior to January 2012, CenturyLink’s Federal and State Access Tariffs did not require CenturyLink’s customers to specify whether the calls originated in VoIP or any other format, and Sprint was charged the same rates for TDM- and VoIP-originated calls. Sprint delivered calls to CenturyLink’s LECs in TDM, regardless whether the calls originated in TDM or VoIP, and the calls came across the same facilities. The VoIP-origi-nated calls were thus in the same format as and intermingled with traditional TDM-originated calls. Before July 2009, Sprint did not identify the portion of the traffic delivered to CenturyLink that originated in VoIP, and CenturyLink provided Sprint with industry-standard signaling and call detail information, which did not identify the format in which a call was originated. The calls Sprint delivered to CenturyLink and which CenturyLink terminated to its subscribers during the Dispute Period used the same CenturyLink equipment and processes regardless of whether the call originated in TDM or VoIP.
CenturyLink billed Sprint the per minute access charges that are set forth in the Federal and State Access Tariffs for calls it delivered, including VoIP-originated calls. Prior to August 2009, Sprint never provided CenturyLink with the exact or estimated minutes of VoIP-originated calls that it was delivering to CenturyLink for termination. Instead, Sprint paid the federal and state access charges to CenturyL-ink, without dispute, for both TDM- and VoIP- originated calls.
Beginning in July 2009, as invoices came due for payment, Sprint filed written disputes with CenturyLink for charges that Sprint calculated as associated with cable company calls that had originated in VoIP. Sprint disputed the access charges as
This dispute informs you that a portion of the terminating traffic on which CENTURYTEL has assessed interstate and intrastate access charges were originated using Voice-over-Internet Protocol (VoIP traffic). To date, although the FCC has asserted jurisdiction over VoIP services and has determined that information services are not subject to access, the FCC has not yet rendered a determination as to the applicable inter-carrier compensation for VoIP traffic. Absent such a ruling, SprintNextel is willing to pay $.0007 (the only rate the FCC has established for a certain subset of information services)7 for termination of VoIP services. In order to recognize its objection to CENTURYTEL’S assessment of switched access charges on VoIP traffic for the past 24 month period 08/07 through 07/09, SprintNextel hereby files a dispute claim and demands a credit of $4,822,593. This amount represents the differential between the rate of $.0007 and the access rates CENTURYTEL charged on VoIP traffic.
The $0.0007 rate amount was not listed in CenturyLink’s Federal or State Access Tariffs, and CenturyLink did not agree or acquiesce to Sprint’s payment of this rate for VoIP-originated calls and disputes the applicability of this rate. Following the submission of the initial dispute, Sprint continued to use the same general language in its subsequent disputes.
In addition to filing its written dispute, Sprint unilaterally withheld payments due to CenturyLink in order to recover amounts paid to CenturyLink during the Dispute Period over the $.0007 per minute rate. The withheld amounts included amounts that Sprint calculated as associated with the Disputed Calls and billed on the Post-August 2009 Invoices and amounts that Sprint calculated as having been billed and paid for Disputed Calls between August 2007 and July 2009 (the “Retroactive Dispute”).
After July 2009, Sprint began identifying the portion of the traffic delivered to CenturyLink for termination that had originated in VoIP. During the Dispute Period, Sprint continued to deliver VoIP-originat-ed calls to CenturyLink, and CenturyLink continued to deliver those calls to end users.
The amount of access charges on VoIP-originated traffic that Sprint disputed as of December 31, 2011, totaled $8,755,402.46 before late payment charges. Sprint holds this entire amount. If interstate access charges applied to the VoIP-originated traffic in dispute, then Sprint was a customer of switched access service under CenturyLink’s Federal Tariffs when it delivered those calls. Likewise, if intrastate access charges applied to the VoIP-origi-nated traffic in dispute, then Sprint was a customer of switched access service under CenturyLink’s State Tariffs when it delivered those calls. Federal and State Access Tariffs impose late payment charges on customers who fail to timely pay, and those charges accrue on a daily basis. As of February 2, 2016, the late payment charges totaled $3,805,343.00.
After January 1, 2012, CenturyLink has applied the dictates of the FCC’s 2011 Comprehensive Reform Order and charges only interstate rates to Sprint for VoIP-originated calls. See In the Matter of Connect America Fund, Report and Order and Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, 26 FCC Red. 4554 (2011), available at https://apps.fcc.gov/edocs-public/ attachmatch/FCC-ll-161Al.pdf (the “Comprehensive Reform Order”). CenturyLink relies on Sprint to identify those calls since it still has no way to distinguish calls that are converted from VoIP to TDM from those who were in TDM to begin with.
II. CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
A. Jurisdiction
The Court has subject matter jurisdiction over this case pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1337 because CenturyLink’s claims in Count I assert violations of the federal access tariffs filed with the FCC and its claims in Count III assert violations of Section 201 of the Communications Act of 1934, 47 U.S.C. § 201.
Likewise, the Court has subject matter jurisdiction over Count I of Sprint’s counterclaims seeking a declaration regarding interstate access charges and VoIP traffic because those claims arise under the Constitution and laws of the United States,
B. The Tariff Claims
CenturyLink asserts that Sprint violated the applicable Federal Access Tariffs (Count I) and State Access Tariffs (Count IV) by failing to pay the invoiced access charges. [Doc. No. 1]. Sprint makes corresponding counterclaims in its Counts I and III. In Count I, Sprint seeks a declaratory judgment that the Federal and State Access Tariffs did not apply to VoIP Calls between 2007 and January 1, 2012, and, alternatively, that the VoIP calls were ju-risdictionally interstate and thus, compen-sable, if at all, at the interstate (Federal Access Tariff) rate. [Doc. No. 66]. In Count III, Sprint seeks a declaration that Centu-ryLink violated the applicable state laws by applying its State Access Tariffs to the VoIP calls and prays for a refund of all amounts over billed if Sprint is ultimately ordered to return withheld amounts to CenturyLink, plus interest, costs, and attorney’s fees.
To prevail on each of its tariff counts, CenturyLink must prove (1) that it operated under tariffs properly filed with the FCC and state authorities, respectively, and (2) that it provided Sprint the services at issue in this case under those tariffs. See Verizon New York Inc. v. Global NAPS, Inc.,
The parties stipulated that CenturyLink operated under Federal Access Tariffs filed with the FCC and under State Access Tariffs filed with applicable state authorities, so CenturyLink has met the required showing on the first element. [Doc. No. 181, ¶¶ 11, 12, & 16]. The parties dispute the second element of the claims: whether the Federal and State Access Tariffs applied to the VoIP-originated traffic that Sprint delivered to CenturyLink.
During the Dispute Period, CenturyL-ink’s Federal and State Access Tariffs made no distinction between TDM- and VoIP-originated calls, Sprint delivered the calls to CenturyLink in TDM, the VoIP and TDM calls were intermingled, and pri- or to August 2009, the calls were, in effect, indistinguishable to CenturyLink. Under
Sprint contends that it provided net protocol information services, not telecommunications services, for VoIP-originated calls and, thus, CenturyLink’s Federal and State Access Tariffs for per-minute usage did not apply. If the tariffs did not apply, then the per-minute usage charges could not be invoiced, and neither the filed rate or constructive ordering doctrine is applicable. Sprint further contends that it was not required to prove the exact amount of over billing, but need only make a reasonable estimate, which it did. In the alternative, if the Court finds the VoIP-originated calls were telecommunications services, Sprint contends that they were jurisdic-tionally interstate and subject to billing only at interstate/federal rates.
1. Whether Federal Access Charges Are Due
The FCC has not expressly answered whether Federal Access Tariffs applied to VoIP-originated traffic before 2012. In its 2011 Comprehensive Reform Order, the FCC declined to make retroactive changes to the rates governing inter-carrier compensation for VoIP-originated calls. Thus, the FCC left the pre-existing regulatory scheme in place. The Court must, therefore, determine whether federal access charges are due under the prior scheme.
Until 1996, LECs historically held monopolies over the provision of local telephone service. See generally AT&T Corp. v. Iowa Utilities Bd.,
In 1996, Congress ended the local monopoly system by passing the Telecommunications Act. See generally AT&T Corp. v. Iowa Utilities Board,
The proper methodology for addressing this issue under § 251(g) is to review the baseline practice in 1996 and then determine whether that practice has been superseded. In re IntraMTA,
It is clear that the FCC did not explicitly supersede the access charge regime until the 2011 Comprehensive Reform Order. In the 752-page Comprehensive Reform Order issued in late 2011, the FCC comprehensively reformed and modernized its universal service and intercarrier compensation systems. As part of that reform, the FCC clarified that VoIP-originated traffic would thereafter be subject to access charges only at interstate rates. See Order, Sprint Commc’ns Co. v. Bernsten, Case 4:11-ev-183,
Thus, the Court must determine whether an IXC’s (Sprint’s) delivery of VoIP-originated traffic to a LEC (Centu-ryLink) for termination would have qualified for federal access charges before February 8,1996.
Sprint argues that the Court must determine whether the calls were “information services or telecommunications services” and that if, as it contends, the calls were information services, the rates did not apply. Sprint Commc’ns Co., L.P. v. Jacobs,
Regardless of whether particular VoIP services are telecommunications services or information services, there are pre-1996 Act obligations regarding LECs’ compensation for the provision of exchange access to an IXC or information service provider. Indeed, the Commission has already found that toll telecommunications services transmitted (although not originated or terminated) in IP were subject to the access charge regime, and the same would be true to the extent that telecommunications services originated or terminated in IP.
Comprehensive Reform Order, ¶ 957 (citations and quotations omitted and emphasis added); see also id. at n. 1955 (“Interex-change VoIP-PSTN traffic is subject to the access regime regardless of whether the underlying communication contained information-service elements.”); See Sprint Commc’ns Co. v. Bernsten, No. 11-CV-183-JAJ,
This finding is consistent with the regulatory policy the FCC expressed in its Comprehensive Reform Order. In that Order, the FCC set forth a “transitional framework for VoIP intercarrier compensation.” Comp. Reform Order ¶40. Effective January 1, 2012, intercarrier compensation for calls that originated in VoIP and terminated in TDM would be equal to the interstate rates applicable to non-VoIP traffic. Id. ¶933. These interstate rates may be tariffed through both federal and state tariffs. Id. ¶ 934. However, access charges in general will be phased out over the next several years and, by July 1, 2020, replaced with a “bill and keep” system whereby carriers will deliver and terminate calls to and from another at no charge. Id. ¶801. In adopting these reforms, the FCC was “mindful of the need for a measured transition for carriers that receive substantial revenues from intercar-rier compensation.” Id. ¶ 935. Such transition would not have been needed had VoIP-originated calls been exempt from access charges prior to this time.
CenturyLink properly provided Sprint with the switched access service which was detailed in the Federal Access Tariffs and properly charged Sprint the rate identified in the tariff. Therefore, the Court finds that Sprint was obligated to pay the federal access charges due for VoIP-originated interstate calls delivered to CenturyLink for termination to its customers during the Dispute Period. To this extent, Judgment will be entered in favor of CenturyLink on Count I and against Sprint on Counts II and IV and the applicable portion of Count I.
2. Whether State Access Charges Are Due
Generally, the Court’s analysis on the federal access charges also applies to the
However, Sprint argues, in the alternative, that even if an IXC’s delivery of VoIP-originated calls to a LEC for termination to end'users-is subject to access charges, then any state regulation of such traffic has been preempted by the FCC, and Sprint is liable at the federal access rates, rather than-the higher state access rates. ■ .
In this case, more than one-third of the disputed charges — $3,106,087.32 of the total $8,755.402.46 — concerns charges for intrastate traffic in Missothi Under Missouri law, VoIP-originated traffic is expressly subject ’ to intrastate access charges. See Mo. Rev. Stat. 392.550(2) (“Interconnected voice over internet protocol service shall be subject to appropriate exchange access-charges to' the same extent that telecommunications services are subject to such charges.”). •
If correct, Sprint’s alternative argument would mean- that Missouri state law— which unambiguously makes VoIP-origi-nated traffic subject to state access charges — is ■ preempted and therefore unenforceable, and Sprint need only pay CenturyLink the lower, interstate access rates, rather than the state tariff rates filed with the respective public utility commissions in each state where the Centu-ryLink LECs operate.
“The burden' of persuasion in preemption cases 'lies with the party seeking annulment of the. state statute.” AT&T Corp. v. Pub. Util Comm’n of Texas,
Sprint cites the Court to dictum in the FCC’s 2004 administrative ruling in Vonage Holdings Corp. Petition for Declaratory Ruling Concerning an Order of the Minn. Pub. Util. Comm’n, 19 FCC Red. 22,404 (2004). In that decision, the FCC preempted certain Minnesota Public Utility Commission regulations that purported to apply to “nomadic” (or portable) VoIP calls. See id. (concurring Statement of Chairman Powell). Given the inherently portable nature of nomadic VoIP technology, the FCC explained that it was simply impossible to track the jurisdictional confines (i.e., where the calls begin and end) of such nomadic VoIP calls. On the basis of that technological impossibility, the FCC found preemption of Minnesota’s regulation of the nomadic VoIP service at issue in that case. Id. ¶31. In dicta in that decision, the FCC added that, beyond preempting state regulations of nomadic VoIP, “to the extent other entities, such as cable companies, provide VoIP services, we would preempt state regulation to an extent comparable to what we have done in this Order.” 19 FCC Red. at ¶ 32.
Sprint argues that, because the VoIP-originated traffic at issue here came from cable companies and was otherwise comparable to the services the FCC described in this dictum, the FCC therefore has preempted state regulations over the VoIP-originated calls at issue here. Sprint’s Pretrial Mem. (Rec. Doc. 165) at pp. 14-15.
However, CenturyLink argues that the cited Vonage decision is inapplicable, and the dictum was later reversed. It is undisputed that nomadic VoIP service is not at
[A]n interconnected VoIP provider with the capability to track the jurisdictional confínes of customer calls would no longer qualify for the preemptive effects of our Vonage Order and would be subject to state regulation. This is because the central rationale justifying preemption set forth in the Vonage Order would no longer be applicable to such an interconnected VoIP provider.
In the Matter of Universal Service Contribution Methodology, Report and Order and NPRM, 21 FCC Red. 7518, ¶56 (2006). This rejection was specifically acknowledged in an appeal of the Vonage case to the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals. See Minn. Public Util. Comm’n v. FCC,
Sprint did not distinguish the FCC’s reversal of the 2004 Vonage dictum in In the Matter of Universal Service Contribution Methodology, the FCC’s abandonment of the dictum in briefing before the Eighth Circuit, or the Eighth Circuit’s acceptance of the FCC’s abandonment of the dictum.
Finally, CenturyLink points to the FCC’s Comprehensive Reform Order itself that state regulations of VoIP-originated traffic are not preempted. See Comprehensive Reform Order ¶934 (“[W]e are not persuaded on this record that all VoIP-PSTN traffic must be subject exclusively to federal regulation.”); id. ¶ 959 (“[W]e do not rely on the contention that the Commission has legal authority to adopt this regime because all VoIP-PSTN traffic should be treated as interstate.”). Instead, the Comprehensive Reform Order held that the “tariffing of charges for toll VoIP-PSTN traffic can occur through both federal and state tariffs.”
Sprint cited the Court to two district court cases, PAETEC Communications, Inc. v. CommPartners LLC, Civ. 08-0397,
“A court’s prior judicial construction of a statute trumps 'an agency construction otherwise entitled to Chevron deference only if the prior court decision holds that its construction follows from the unambiguous terms of the statute and thus leaves no room for agency discretion.” National Cable & Telecommc’ns Ass’n v. Brand X Internet Servs.,
The Court finds that the state access tariff rates are not preempted. The FCC has spoken on this issue, its decision is entitled to deference, and the Court finds that decision to be consistent with the statute. Applying the express law in Missouri and the filed rate doctrine, Sprint was required to pay the state access tariff rates for VoIP calls during the Dispute Period. To this extent, the Court will enter judgment in favor of CenturyLink on Count IV and against Sprint on Count III and the applicable portion of Count I.
C. Section 201 of the Communications Act
CenturyLink’s Count III alleges that Sprint engaged in an unjust and unreasonable telecommunications practice in violation of 47 U.S.C. § 201(b) when Sprint undertook self-help by withholding payments to CenturyLink for tariffed services about which Sprint had raised no dispute.
In relevant part, 47 U.S.C. § 201(b) provides that any “practice” in connection with providing a communications services “that is unjust or unreasonable is hereby declared to be unlawful.” 47 U.S.C. § 201(b). To be liable for a violation of 47 U.S.C. § 201(b), a carrier must either violate the Communications Act or engage in an action the FCC has deemed to be an “unjust and unreasonable practice.” Global Crossing Telecomms., Inc. v. Metrophanes Telecomms., Inc.,
As the Supreme Court has recognized, “persons injured by § 201(b) violations” have a private right of action under 47 U.S.C. § 207 “to bring federal-court damages actions.” Global Crossing Telecommunications, Inc. v. Metrophanes Telecommunications, Inc.,
The FCC has recognized that self-help is an unlawful telecommunications practice. See, e.g., In the Matter of Business WATS, Inc., 7 FCC Red. 7942 (1992) (“[A] custom
The Court has found that CenturyLink properly billed Sprint for VoIP calls between August 2007-July 2009. Therefore, Sprint unjustly and unreasonably withheld payments due to CenturyLink to reduce its retroactive refund claim. By doing so, Sprint violated § 201(b). Judgment is entered in favor of CenturyLink and against Sprint on Count III. CenturyLink may not recover double damages, but may recover reasonable attorneys’ fees under 47 U.S.C. § 206 and prejudgment interest.
C. Sprint’s Count II — VoIP Calls— Unlawful Imposition of Charges for Interstate Services, 47 U.S.C. §§ 201(b), 203
In Count II, Sprint alleges that Centu-ryLink committed an unjust and unreasonable telecommunications practice in violation of 47 U.S.C. §§ 201(b) and 203 when it collected access charges that were allegedly not authorized by the terms of Centu-ryLink’s Federal Access Tariffs. Given the Court’s Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, judgment on this claim will be entered against Sprint and in favor of Cen-turyLink.
D. Sprint’s Count IV (Recoupment)
Sprint asserts this alternative claim in the event that the Court determines Sprint’s entitlement to a recoupment more properly designated as a counterclaim. Sprint contends that CenturyLink’s claims must be reduced, in full or in part, by the amounts that CenturyLink overbilled Sprint for VoIP Calls, under the tariffs described in the Complaint, between mid-2007 and mid-2009.
Given the Court’s Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law, judgment on this claim will be entered against Sprint and in favor of CenturyLink.
III. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds that Judgment should be rendered in favor of CenturyLink on Counts I, III, and IV of CenturyLink’s Complaint and against Sprint on Counts I, II, III, and IV of Sprint’s Counterclaims. Judgment is further rendered in favor of CenturyLink and against Sprint in the amount of $8,755,402.46 for access charges, late payment fees of $3,805,343.00 as of February 2, 2016, and additional late payment fees accrued since that date.
CenturyLink is also awarded attorneys’ fees, costs, and prejudgment interest. Cen-turyLink shall make appropriate filings within fourteen (14) days of the date of this Judgment in support of attorneys’ fees, costs, and prejudgment interest. Sprint shall have fourteen (14) days from the date of CenturyLink’s filings to file an opposition memorandum.
Notes
. Title 47, United States Code, Section 153(32) defines ''[t]he term ‘local exchange carrier’ ” as "any person that is engaged in the provision of telephone exchange service or exchange access. Such term does not include a person insofar as such person is engaged in the provision of a commercial mobile service under section 332(c) of this title, except to the extent that the Commission finds that such service should be included in the definition of such term.”
The CenturyLink entities are also "incumbent local exchange carriers” in that they provided telephone exchange access or services prior to enactment of the Telecommunications Act in 1996 (or are successors to entities who did) before the market was opened to competitive local exchange carriers. However, this designation has no bearing on the issues in this case.
. "The term 'telecommunications service' means the offering of telecommunications for a fee directly to the public, or to such classes of users' as to be effectively available directly to the public, regardless of the facilities used.” 47 U.S.C. § 153(53), A " ‘common carrier’ or ‘carrier’ means any person engaged as a common carrier for hire, in interstate or foreign communication by wire or radio or interstate or foreign radio transmission of energy ....” 47 U.S.C. § 153(11).
. The terms "traffic” and "calls” are used interchangeably. Hereinafter the Court will use the term "calls.”
. TDM (also known as circuit switched voice service) is the traditional type of digital telephone ’ system which has a dedicated wire from the telephone jack directly to the telephone system’s key service unit. The TDM system uses physical switches -to route calls, The TDM switches and circuits carry only voice data.
With a VoIP telephone system, the handsets are not directly wired to the phone system, but are connected to the data network and use the sanie cable, jacks and switches that are used for a personal computer. The VoIP system only uses local switches to jump on and off a network at each end (i.e., calls between a VoIP subscriber and non-subscriber are terminated to the public switched telephone network at the provider’s location). Unlike TDM, VoIP carries data packets in IP which contain both voice and other data services, such as e-mail, streaming a video on the Internet, or playing a'gam’e over the Internet.
. The only issue with the TDM-originated calls is that, as discussed infra, Sprint withheld payments to CenturyLink for these calls while recovering the amounts it deemed overpaid to CenturyLink for the VoIP-originated calls.
. Throughout this litigation, the parties use multiple terms with the same meaning. The use of tírese multiple terms makes understanding this process unnecessarily confusing for a lay person, but, at its most basic level, if a customer for whom Sprint acts as IXC calls a CenturyLink customer, Sprint must pay an access charge to CenturyLink to deliver the call.
. This is the rate the FCC had applied to local Internet Service Provider (ISP)-bound traffic.
. Pursuant to Magistrate Judge Hornsby's ruling [Doc. No. 155], at trial Sprint was not required to establish a foundation for the charges paid in the February 2009 bill [Trial Exhibit 42, pp. 47-48, three far right columns (attached) ], Likewise, for the months of August 2009-October 2011, Sprint was not required to establish a foundation. For all amounts, Sprint provided testimony on a general overview of its calculation process.
. To mitigate damages, CenturyLink stopped accepting orders from Sprint for new and augmented facilities (switched access and interconnection facilities) after it was notified about the disputed calls in August 2009.
. Count II was dismissed by this Court on January 25, 2011. [Doc. No. 37].
. Sprint’s Counts V, VI, VII, and VIII were severed and transferred to the Northern District of Texas by the United States Panel on Multidistrict Litigation. See In re MTA Switched Access Charges Litigation, Civ. No. 3:14-2587-D (MDL No. 2587). The district judge recently dismissed the counterclaims pending there, but the case itself remains pending. At the time of trial, Sprint was seeking leave to take an interlocutory appeal of the dismissal of its claims.
. If the Federal and State Access Tariffs applied to the VoIP-originated traffic that Sprint delivered to CenturyLink, then, under the filed rate doctrine, this Court is bound to enforce the terms of the tariffs. Texas Commercial Energy v. TXU Energy, Inc.,
. An "access service” is defined as "service and facilities provided for the origination or termination of any interstate or foreign telecommunication.” 47 C.F.R. § 69.29b)(1996) quoted in In re IntraMTA,
. In full, Section 251(g) of the Telecommunications Act provides:
On and after [February 8, 1996], each [LEC], to the extent that it provides wireline services, shall provide exchange access, information access, and exchange services for such access to [IXCs] and information service providers in accordance with the same equal access and nondiscriminatory interconnection restrictions and obligations (in-eluding receipt of compensation) that apply to such carrier on. the date immediately preceding [February 8, 1996], under any court order, consent decree, or regulation, order, or policy of the Commission, until such restrictions and obligations are explicitly superseded by regulations prescribed by the Commission after [February 8, 1996]. During the period beginning on [February 8, 1996], and until such restrictions and obligations are so superseded, such restrictions and obligations shall be enforceable in the same manner as regulations of the Commission.
47 U.S.C. § 251(g).
. Sprint provided the Court with supplemental authority in the form of a report and recommendation from a magistrate judge in a pending case in the District of Minnesota. See Charter Advanced Servs., et al. v. Beverly Jones Heydinger, et al., Case No. 15-cv-3935, April 21, 2016 Report and Recommendation. However, the magistrate judge’s analysis on a motion to dismiss has not been adopted by the district court. Further, as the magistrate judge noted, the recommendation was only that the district court find it to be "plausible” that VoIP service is an information service and that state regulation should be preempted.” Id. at 44, She further noted that "[t]he decisions reflected in the various case law and administrative authority submitted by both sides were made in the context of a full and complete factual record, and the same benefit should be afforded here.” Id. In this case, the record is complete, and the Court has ruled accordingly.