172 Ga. 53 | Ga. | 1931
Under the well-settled rule stated in Georgian Co. v. Jones, 154 Ga. 762 (115 S. E. 490), this court is confined in its answers to certified questions to the question propounded in manner and form as the question is propounded, and in the usual acceptation of the meaning of the words in which the question is put. This court can not imply a meaning not authorized by the language of the question, and we can not go outside of the exact question asked, nor can this court examine the record for the purpose of illumining any ambiguity in the question if such should appear. We may sum up the entire question as stated, where it is plain that there is really only one point involved, after taking into consideration all the elements and conditions stated in the question, omitting none.
Bearing in mind the. statement accompanying the first question, the response may be abbreviated by stating the first instruction desired to be whether Cuba is or is not “an adjacent foreign country” under the original Hepburn act as amended by the Cummins act, and later by the amendment generally known as the Carmack act. U. S. C. A. 87, title 49, sec. 20, par. 11. After a very thorough investigation it is our opinion that this question must be answered in the negative. It is a matter of common knowledge that Cuba is a foreign country, governed by its own regulations and laws. In fact the question does not imply that it is to be doubted that Cuba is a foreign country. The real question, therefore, is whether Cuba is “adjacent” within the terms and meaning of the Hepburn
In Lykes S. S. Lines v. Commercial Union, 13 I. C. C. 310, 315, the question was raised as to whether Cuba was an “adjacent foreign
The Supreme Court of the United States has held it to be a well-settled principle of law that where a body or executive entrusted with the enforcement or administration of statutes has continually given a certain interpretation of the statute, the courts should give it the same interpretation unless the ruling is erroneous as a matter of law, and that as to all matters of fact the construction placed by the administrative power is conclusive. So it was held in Gertgens v. O’Connor, 191 U. S. 237 (24 Sup. Ct. 94, 48 L. ed. 163), that the “decision of the land department in a contest case is conclusive in the courts upon all questions of fact.” This was a ease in which the land office of the Interior Department had construed the words “bona fide purchaser” as found in the act of March 3, 1887, 24 Stat. 556, not to have been used in its legal technical sense, but only as requiring good faith in transactions between a railroad' company and parties contracting with them in respect to lands; and the point as to the conclusiveness of the decision of the executive department charged with the administration of a particular statute was approved and followed in Logan v. Davis, 233 U. S. 613 (34 Sup. Ct. 685, 58 L. ed. 1121), in which Mr. Justice Yan Devanter, delivering the unanimous opinion of the court, after refusing to dismiss the writ of error upon the ground that the judgment was not subject to review, said: “And as the Secretary of the Interior found, from the evidence submitted in the contest before the Land Department, that Logan was a purchaser in good faith in the sense of the adjustment act, and no basis was laid in the pleadings or agreed statement of facts for rejecting or disturbing that decision save as it was said to be
In New Haven Railroad v. Interstate Commerce Commission, 200 U. S. 361 (26 Sup. Ct. 272, 50 L. ed. 515), the Supreme Court of the United States spoke as follows: “Now, without at all intimating that as an original question we would concur in the view expressed in the case last cited, that to have applied the act to regulate commerce, under proper rules and regulations for the segregation of the business of producing, selling, and transporting, as presented in the Haddock and Coxe cases, would have been confiscatory, and without reviewing the rulings made by the Interstate Commerce Commission in those cases and adhered to by that body during the many years which have followed those decisions, we concede that the interpretation given by the Commission in those cases to the act to regulate commerce is now binding, and, as restricted to the precise conditions which were passed on in the cases referred to, must be applied to all strictly identical cases in the future, at least until Congress has legislated on the subject. We make this concession because we think we are constrained to
The second question of the Court of Appeals is not so readily answered. Nevertheless, upon careful consideration, we are satisfied that the question should be answered in the negative, and that the instruction should be that it is not the duty of a carrier engaged to transport a shipment to a foreign country to inform the shipper as to the requirements enforced by the foreign jurisdiction which anteceded and are a condition precedent to the shipper or his assignee regaining possession of the shipment. Even if it is to be
As remarked in regard to the case of Southern Ry. Co. v. Southgate, supra, the ruling in Pecos &c. Ry. Co. v. Jarman (Tex. Civ. App.), 138 S. W. 1131, cited by defendant in error, is also only persuasive authority and not controlling upon this court. However, were we willing to be guided by the ruling of the Court of Civil Appeals of Texas, we could not be controlled by it, for the facts of that case were quite different from those involved in the case at bar. A shipment of cattle was involved, and it was held that it was the duty of the carrier to see that a certificate of inspection, as provided by the regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture, accompanied the shipment to destination. Of course in that case the necessary inspection tag could very well have been sent along with the way-bill. On the other hand, as we have, pointed out, it would have been impossible for the railroad company to have accompanied the shipment with the original bill of lading and viséd invoice. There is quite a difference between carrying with the bill of lading certificates of inspection, and handling clearance papers through a port which is governed by customs regulations. Furthermore, the regulations promulgated by the Secretary of Agriculture provided expressly that the inspection certificate should accompany a shipment of cattle, and these regulations were matters of public knowledge. The case of Cownie Glove Co. v. Merchants Dispatch Trans. Co., 130 Iowa, 327 (106 N. W. 749, 4 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1060, 114 Am. St. R. 419), involved a shipment of gloves for handling from Erlangen, Germany, to Des Moines, Iowa. Under these circumstances they were stopped by the customs authorities at the port of New York, and were damaged. The court held, that,
The third question must be answered in the affirmative. While it is the duty of the carrier to receive and safely deliver all shipments received by it for transportation, and the Code of 1910, § 2712, in consonance with the common law, accepts no excuse except the act of God and the public enemy, an exception to this sweeping rule has long been recognized, that if delivery by the carrier has been prevented and rendered impossible by the seizure of the shipment in the enforcement by properly constituted legal officials of existing laws, the carrier is bound not to violate the law by making delivery of the goods which have been seized by properly authorized officers. The carrier in this case is not required to smuggle the goods into Cuba in violation of Cuban regulations, or to forcibly resist the execution of the regulations imposed by Cuban authority. Numerous authorities supporting our conclusion might be cited from the Federal courts as well as in our own State. In Savannah &c. R. Co. v. Wilcox, 48 Ga. 432, this court held that the liability of a common carrier ceases if the goods are taken from its possession by legal process. In Stiles v. Davis, 1 Black, 101 (17 L. ed. 33), Mr. Justice Nelson delivered the opinion of the Supreme Court of the United States, where certain goods were seized in Chicago by attachment, which were to be conveyed from Janesville, Wisconsin, to Ilion, Herkimer County, New York. The judge in the lower court had charged the jury “that any proceedings in the State court to which the plaintiffs were not parties, and of which they had no notice, did not bind them or their property; and further, that the fact of the goods being