389 N.E.2d 332 | Ind. Ct. App. | 1979
Defendants-appellants Onice Fields and Stephen Cato were found guilty by a jury in Washington Circuit Court of second-degree burglary under Ind.Code 35-13 — 4-4, since repealed, and were sentenced to be imprisoned for not less than two nor more than five years.
They appeal, raising two issues for our review:
*334 1) Whether the trial court erred in denying their motion to suppress physical evidence found by Georgia police in the trunk of their car in alleged contravention of the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution; and
2) Whether the evidence was sufficient to support the verdict.
We affirm Field’s conviction and reverse Cato’s conviction.
ISSUE I.
The defendants argue that certain evidence should not have been admitted at their trial for either of two reasons: 1) their initial stop by Georgia police was illegal because the police stopped them without probable cause and on mere suspicion alone; or 2) the subsequent search of their car was illegal because Fields’ consent to the search was not freely and voluntarily given.
In reviewing a trial court’s determination of the validity of a search, the appellate tribunal considers the evidence favorable to the trial court’s ruling and any uncontradicted contrary evidence, and upholds the trial court’s ruling if it is supported by the evidence. Bruce v. State, (1978) Ind., 375 N.E.2d 1042.
The record shows the following evidence concerning the stop and search of Fields’ car by Georgia police. Two officers of the Newton County Sheriff’s Department, Newton County, Georgia, received radio dispatches from department headquarters to proceed to the Pony Express Diner to investigate an out-of-state black over green Buick automobile and its occupants who, according to some unnamed source, were attempting to sell firearms from the trunk of the car. The sale of firearms without a license is a crime in Georgia.
One officer positioned his car behind a nearby sale barn where he could observe a car which fit the description and which was parked at the side of the diner. The other officer positioned his car along the road about one-fourth mile south of the diner. The first officer observed Fields and Cato leave the diner, open the trunk of the car, look into the trunk for a short time, get into the car, and proceed north with Fields driving.
The officer who was parked south of the diner drove north and followed the car approximately a mile, then signaled it to pull over, which it did. Fields and Cato exited the car as the officer approached. Two other officers in two more sheriff’s cars arrived on the scene.
The officer who had stopped the car requested Fields’ driver’s license and identification from both Fields and Cato. Fields had no license and no identification; Cato had a Social Security card. The officer informed Fields he was under arrest for driving without a license. The officer asked the two what they were doing in Georgia and requested permission to look in the car trunk, advising Fields that he did not have to consent. Fields expressed his consent, either verbally or by nodding his head to Cato who took a key from his pocket and opened the trunk. Inside the trunk, the officers found firearms which had been stolen from a retail store near Salem in Washington County, and whose serial numbers had been entered in the National Crime Investigation Center information network. Some of these firearms were admitted into evidence after the trial court’s denial of defendants’ motion to suppress.
Initially, we must concede that the defendants are correct in their contention that the State failed to prove the existence of probable cause to arrest Fields and Cato when the police stopped their car. Probable cause for an arrest is defined to be facts and circumstances known to the arresting officer which would warrant a man of reasonable caution and prudence in believing that the accused had committed or was committing a criminal offense. Luckett v. State, (1972) 259 Ind. 174, 284 N.E.2d 738. We have held, however, that the record need not reveal that the arresting officer personally had in his mind knowledge sufficient to establish probable cause. Francis
In Francis, we said, at 418:
“In our opinion, the existence of probable cause for an arrest should be determined on the basis of the collective information known to the law enforcement organization as a whole, and not solely on the personal knowledge of the arresting officer. The police force is considered as a unit and where there is a police-channel communication to the arresting officer and he acts in good faith thereon, the arrest is based on probable cause when such knowledge and information exist within the department.”
The dispatch from sheriff’s headquarters to the patrolman was apparently based on information or a “tip” received from some third source. Probable cause in such instances may be established by showing the previously determined reliability of the informant or by the verification of extrinsic facts which import reliability to the tip sufficient to render reasonable the conclusion of the tipster. Carson v. State, (1975) 164 Ind.App. 24, 326 N.E.2d 624.
In the case at bar, the above-recounted evidence stood alone. No testimony was offered to establish that anyone in the sheriff’s department had any knowledge of the reliability of the informant, and the officer’s personal observations of Fields and Cato, merely leaving the diner and looking in the car trunk would not, in any way, serve as sufficient verification to import reliability to the tip thus rendering reliable the conclusion of the tipster that Fields and Cato were committing or had committed a criminal offense.
This lack of probable cause does not render the stop illegal, however, because we find that the officer made a lawful investigatory stop. In Clark v. State, (1977) Ind.App., 358 N.E.2d 761, we said, at 763:
“Although [the defendant] asserts that the information was received from a source where credibility and reliability were not established, when acting upon information received in a radio dispatch, a police officer is not required to ascertain the reliability and credibility of the initial source of the information. Moreover he must of necessity rely upon the communication system of the police headquarters where, as here, the use of an automobile compels officers to act with greater speed and less hesitancy. Manson, et al. v. State (1967), 249 Ind. 53, 229 N.E.2d 801, cert. denied, 390 U.S. 995, 88 S.Ct. 1198, 20 L.Ed.2d 95. The reasonableness of an investigatory stop based upon information received in a radio dispatch must therefore be measured against the objective standard prescribed in Terry v. Ohio (1968), 392 U.S. 1, at 21-22, 88 S.Ct. 1868, at 1880, 20 L.Ed.2d 889, where the court stated:
‘[W]ould the facts available to the officer at the moment of the seizure or the search “warrant a man of reasonable caution in the belief” that the action taken was appropriate?’ ”
Upon receiving the dispatch, the officers proceeded immediately to the spot where the described vehicle was said to be located. They observed there a vehicle which fit the description, in addition to behavior on the part of its occupants which denoted an unexplained interest in the contents of the car’s trunk where firearms were reported to be located. We hold that these facts would warrant a man of reasonable caution to believe an investigation was appropriate. A legal investigatory stop was made.
Defendants next contend that Fields’ consent to the search of his car was invalid, again for either of two reasons: 1) Fields was not advised of his Fourth Amendment rights and his right to counsel before he consented; or 2) his alleged consent was merely passive submission to a search that was going to occur whether or not he consented. Defendant rely solely on Pirtle v. State, (1975) 263 Ind. 16, 323 N.E.2d 634, and Sayne v. State, (1972) 258 Ind. 97, 279 N.E.2d 196, to support their contentions.
Consent to a search validates the ensuing search when the consent is freely and voluntarily given. Bruce v. State, (1978) Ind., 375 N.E.2d 1042. The test for
The determination of the voluntariness of an alleged consent to search is a question of fact to be determined from the totality of the circumstances surrounding its giving. Schneckloth, supra; Bruce, supra. No one circumstance has been found to be dispositive; many circumstances have been found to be relevant.
In Schneckloth, supra, the U.S. Supreme Court hold, in 412 U.S. at 248, 93 S.Ct. at 2059:
“[W]hen the subject of a search is not in custody and the State attempts to justify a search on the basis of his consent, the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments require that it demonstrate that the consent was in fact voluntarily given, and not the result of duress or coercion, express or implied . . [Wjhile the subject’s knowledge of a right to refuse is a factor to be taken into account, the prosecution is not required to demonstrate such knowledge as a prerequisite to establishing a voluntary consent.”
Schneckloth, however, does not dispose of the defendants’ argument that Fields’ consent was not voluntary because he was not advised of his Fourth Amendment rights prior to his consent because, at the time of the alleged consent, Fields was in custody, having been arrested for driving without a license. The U.S. Supreme Court disposed of this contention in United States v. Watson, (1976) 423 U.S. 411, 424, 96 S.Ct. 820, 828, 46 L.Ed.2d 598:
“[T]he fact of custody alone has never been enough in itself to demonstrate a coerced . . . consent to search. Similarly, under Schneckloth, the absence of proof that [the defendant] knew he could withhold his consent, though it may be a factor in the overall judgment, is not to be given controlling significance.”
Fields also fails in his argument that his consent was not voluntary because he was not advised of his right to counsel prior to his consent. Miranda warnings are not a prerequisite to a voluntary consent to search; they relate to the compulsory self-incrimination barred by the Fifth Amendment and not to unreasonable searches and seizures proscribed by the Fourth Amendment. United States v. Garcia, (5th Cir. 1974) 496 F.2d 670; State v. Williams, (La. 1977) 353 So.2d 1299; State v. Rodriguez, (1978) 20 Wash.App. 876, 582 P.2d 904. Schneckloth, supra, lists “the lack of any advice to the accused of his constitutional rights” as one of the factors to be taken into account in determining whether a consent to search was voluntary.
Fields’ reliance on Pirtle, supra, to support his claim is ill-placed. After being arrested for possession of a stolen car, Pir-tle was read his Miranda rights while seated in a police car. He gave no waiver. After he arrived at the police station, he was again read his rights and again failed to waive them. Instead, he said he wanted to consult his attorney. Later, Pirtle heard the rights a third time and again gave no waiver. Finally, an officer asked Pirtle to consent to a search of his apartment. Pir-tle signed a search waiver without having consulted an attorney. The search revealed evidence which incriminated Pirtle in a murder.
The Indiana Supreme Court found that once Pirtle had requested to see his attorney, further questioning of him was impermissible. The consent to search was signed when an officer was questioning Pirtle at a time when no questioning should have been in progress, and was suppressed, therefore, as a product of a violation of Pirtle’s Miranda rights under the Fifth Amendment.
In the case at bar, Fields, although under arrest, had not been transported to sheriff’s headquarters, had not requested to see an attorney, and had not had his Miranda rights violated by unlawful police interrogation.
Fields’ final contention is that his consent was merely the type of passive sub
In the case at bar, upon the officer’s request for permission to search the trunk of his car, Fields gave an affirmative response, either verbally or by nodding his head to Cato who, in full view of Fields, extracted the key to the trunk from his pocket and approached and unlocked the trunk. This is far more than passive submission; it is consent plus active cooperation.
In summary, the record shows that, although Fields was in police custody, he was under arrest only for a traffic violation and was on a public highway and not in the confines of a police station. He was told that he could withhold his consent. The record shows no overt act of force, no threat of force, no promises, no duress or coercion, express or implied. Any coercive element in the presence of three deputies and three sheriffs’ cars is inconsequential and unavoidable, from a practical standpoint, in any official contact between the police and a citizen. We find that Fields freely and voluntarily consented to a search of the truck of his car.
The trial court correctly denied defendants’ motion to suppress the physical evidence seized from the car trunk.
ISSUE II.
Defendants’ final allegation of error is that the evidence adduced at trial was insufficient to support their convictions for second-degree burglary.
Under the statute, Ind.Code 35-13-4-4, since repealed, and the information filed against them, the State was required to prove that Fields and Cato 1) broke and entered 2) into the Salem store 3) with the intent to steal firearms.
In reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we consider only that evidence most favorable to the appellee and all reasonable inferences therefrom. We can neither weigh the evidence nor determine the credibility of the witnesses. If there is substantial evidence of probative value from which a jury could reasonably have found the appellants guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, we must sustain the convictions. Mack v. State, (1978) Ind.App., 380 N.E.2d 592; Barnes v. State, (1978) Ind., 378 N.E.2d 839.
The record shows the following evidence in relation to Fields. Around 6 p. m., July 16,1977, a break-in and theft were discovered at a store owned by Wiley Cooper near Salem. A rear door had been broken in and a sizeable quantity of firearms and ammunition was missing.
A neighbor who lived one-fourth to one-half mile from the store reported having seen a car driving up and down the road past his house and thus in the vicinity of the store on July 16, from around 2 p. m. to between 4:30 and 5 p. m. He obtained the license number and a general description of the car and testified that the car contained two male occupants. He identified a photograph of the car and Fields, whom hé had seen walking down the road and being picked up by the car on one of its passes by his house. The car was registered to Fields’ father.
On July 18, 1977, Fields was stopped in Georgia while driving the same car and a search of the trunk revealed several of the firearms taken from the Cooper store. We believe this is sufficient evidence from which a jury could reasonably infer that Fields broke into the store with the intent to steal the firearms.
The conviction of Fields is affirmed; the conviction of Cato is reversed because of the insufficiency of the evidence.
Affirmed in part; reversed in part.
