This аppeal questions whether the district court properly granted summary judgment. Concluding there are material facts in controversy, we reverse.
I.
Invoking diversity jurisdiction, plaintiff Catherine Ulissey sued Alexander Shvarts-man, alleging he negligently collided with her while they were skiing on Snowmass Mountain at Aspen, Colorado. Ms. Ulissey claimed, as the uphill skier, Mr. Shvartsman failed to maintain a proper lookout, breaching statutory duties imposed by the Colorado Ski Safety Act, Colo.Rev.Stat. §§ 33-44-101 to 33-44-111 (1979) (the Ski Act). She alleged Mr. Shvartsman’s negligence resulted in a severe injury to her right knee, a torn anterior cruciate ligament, for which she incurred surgical, medical, and rehabilitative expenses. A professional dancer, Ms. Ulis-sey also claimed the injury caused substantial economic damage to her career. Upon *807 these allegations, Ms. Ulissey moved for summary judgment on Mr. Shvartsman’s liability for negligence, contending the undisputed material facts established the following as a matter of law.
On January 19, 1993, Ms. Ulissey was skiing on “Funnel,” a beginner run, making slow, snow-plow turns on one side of the slope, traversing the open space, and then snow-plow turning on the other side. Mr. Shvartsman entered Funnel from “Slider,” which along with “Nо Name,” both intermediate slopes, spilled into Funnel below the base terminal of Lift # 15. Above her and skiing fast, straight down the fall line, Mr. Shvartsman collided with Ms. Ulissey, causing her to fall backwards and horizontally as he, landing on his back, slid about fifteen feet downhill.
In her deposition, Ms. Uhssey stated she first saw Mr. Shvartsman at somе point above her moving straight down the hill. Only when she felt some contact with her upper body pulling her backwards and twisting her knee did she realize a collision occurred, although she did not then identify Mr. Shvartsman as the other skier. She screamed, and a ski instructor just above the collision site offerеd his help. On an accident report taken by a Snowmass accident investigator, Ms. Ulissey wrote, “I was skiing down and someone ran over the back of my skis.”
Ms. Ulissey supplemented her motion with depositions of Mr. Shvartsman, his wife, Raya, and their skiing companion, Ms. Bella Belinkov, the ski instructor, and ski patrol-lers whо responded to the accident, reconstructions of the accident site, maps, and photographs. The undisputed fact Mr. Shvartsman approached from uphill, she averred, placed the duty upon him to keep a proper lookout. His unswerving admission in his deposition he did not see Ms. Ulissey before the accident inescapably established he breached his primary duty to maintain a proper lookout, she contended. Under the Ski Act, § 33^44^-109(2), 1 Ms. Ulissey urged that breach amounted to negligence per se.
Resisting summary judgment, Mr. Shvartsman responded Ms. Ulissey’s diagonal "traverse of the slope and backward fall substantiate his version of the facts. He stated, as he skied down the left side of Funnel, Ms. Ulissey skied in a diagonal direction from the middle of the slope to the left-hand side. Their paths crossed when Ms. Ulissey skied over the back of his skis without any body contact. This version, Mr. Shvartsman insisted, was supported by the physical evidence of the direction of the two skiers’ falls. Under this premise, if the downhill skier actually struck plaintiff in the back and from the rear, both she and defendant would have fallen forward from the same place. Moreover, this version supports his truthful deрosition statement, Mr. Shvartsman maintains, that he did not see Ms. Ulissey before he fell. On the accident form he signed shortly afterwards, he had reported, “Skied down from bottom of L# 15 on Funnel. She made a sudden turn & stopped. He said he was siding in control, and said she also seemed to have crossed his ski.”
Mr. Shvartsmаn distinguished the deposition testimony of Richard Ganson, the nearby ski instructor, who observed both skiers before the accident but did not actually see the accident. He resisted plaintiff’s motion insisting because each party presented differing theories of the collision based on their respective version of the facts, only a jury could resolve the underlying factual dispute.
The district court disagreed, rejecting Mr. Shvartsman’s theory about the direction the parties fell. Instead, it theorized:
The fact that the vector force propelled plaintiff across the hill, whereas defendant was propelled downhill, merely suggests that plaintiff was traversing the hill while defendant was skiing straight down. It is axiomatic that a person skiing straight downhill travels faster *808 down the slope than a person going across the same slope. Given the relative directions of the two skiers, it would have been impossible for plaintiff to have overtaken defendant while travelling horizontally across the slope. This suggests that, regardless of who crossed over the back of whose skis, defendant was the uphill skier.
In the district court’s view, the “undisputed evidence” planted Mr. Shvartsman as the uphill skier with the рrimary responsibility for avoiding the collision. Consequently, it concluded his breach of the statutory duties of maintaining a proper lookout and yielding to the downhill skier “was the proximate cause of the accident and plaintiffs injuries.”
One-hundred percent liability thus determined as a matter of lаw, the court empaneled a jury to hear evidence on Ms. Ulissey’s damages. The jury awarded Ms. Ulissey $500,000 for noneconomic losses and $1,650,-000 for economic losses, which together with prejudgment interest totaled $2,424,541.20 in damages. Rejecting Mr. Shvartsman’s post-trial motions for new trial or remittitur, the court hеld the award of damages was fully supported by the evidence and refused to stay the judgment pending this appeal, absent an approved supersedeas bond. The court also rejected Ms. Ulissey’s motion to review the clerk’s taxation of costs based on her argument federal law on costs, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1821 and 1920, is superceded in a diversity case when there is a specific state law on costs. While these cross appeals before us challenge each of these rulings, our disposition precludes resolution of those issues.
II.
On review, we cut our own trail equippеd with the same gear supplied by Fed.R.Civ.P. 56 as the district court packed,
Hooks v. Diamond Crystal Specialty Foods, Inc.,
To traverse Rule 56, one must successfully pass through gates labeled “material” and genuine.” One opposing summary judgment is usually given wide berth to prove a factual controversy exists. In a well-edged metaphor, the First Circuit observеd, “this requirement has sharp teeth.”
Wynne v. Tufts University Sch. of Medicine,
Before deciding a matter by summary judgment, a court is called upon to pierce the facts and law to determine whether “trial is actually required.”
Wynne,
Indeed, the substantive slope of negligence is a trеacherous trail upon which to avoid a trial. 2 Its moguls of credibility determina *809 tions and subjective reaction provide the perfect course for a jury. Yet, summary judgment is not always unattainable in negligence actions, especially when it is based on the resolution of legal rather than factual issues or when there is insufficient evidence to create a genuine factual issue. These examples remain the rare case. It is otherwise sparingly granted in a negligence cause of action.
Moveover, under Colorado law, where there is a rebuttable presumption that a skier who collides with another skier is negligent,
see Pizza v. Wolf Creek Ski Dev. Corp.,
III.
Our de novo review does not give deference to the district court’s interpretation of the state statute at issue.
Salve Regina College v. Russell,
This subsection provides:
Each skier has the duty to maintain control of his speed and course at all times when skiing and to maintain a proper lookout so as to be able to avoid other skiers and objects. However, the primary duty shah be on the person skiing downhill to avoid collision with any person or objects below him.
Given the commonly accepted and understood mеaning of the words in this subsection,
Climax Molybdenum Co. v. Walter,
Given the statutory duties imposed on the uphill skier and all skiers, the task is to determine who was uphill and whether that skier breached the duty to avoid colliding with skiers “below.” Once liability is determined, under the plain language of the statute, the inquiry moves to questions of degree of fault.
On the record before us, however, we cannot discern who was the uphill skier. Although Mr. Shvаrtsman came from Slider, the run above Funnel, that fact alone does not fix him in the position of the uphill skier. At the instant of collision, there remain material facts in dispute about who was where. Ms. Ulissey did not see Mr. Shvartsman when he collided with her. Mr. Shvartsman also stated he did not see Ms. Ulissey. However, if hе is the uphill skier, as the district court found, he had to see her before the collision. Under Rule 56(c), we are not free to disbelieve him. In fact, Ms. Ulissey described the accident one way; and Mr. Shvartsman recounted his competing and different version. None of the individuals on the slope that day whо saw either party before or after the accident, actually saw the collision itself. The record, thus, discloses a dispute over a material fact which affects the outcome of the action and, under Colorado *810 law, is the first step toward determining liability.
As we view the deposition testimony and documentary evidence, numerous questions related to this central one remain unresolved: how fast was Mr. Shvartsman siding on this “relatively flat” slope; how flat was the slope; how visible were the skiers; from which direction did the skiers travel; were they siding in control; what is the visibility from the Halfpipe side of the slope; was this exclusively a beginners’ slope. None has a formulaic answer, but each reminds that material issues of fact remain unresolved. So, while the application of principles of physics may be helpful to order the facts once they are established, the axiom relied upon by the district court has no fundament. Indeed, it is even conceivable that a skier traversing the fall line could do so faster than one traveling in the direction of the fall line. In this instance, the district court assumed a fact which the deposition testimony puts in controversy. 3 Similarly, defendant’s theory that the direction of the fall is probative of who skied over whose skis remains unresolved until it is supported by testimony tempered by cross-examination. 4
Because material facts remain in dispute which the district court improperly resolved, we, therefore, reverse its order granting summary judgment and remаnd. This disposition necessarily abates our consideration of Mr. Shvartsman’s second issue on appeal related to the award of damages. Ms. Ulis-sey’s cross appeal must also await a jury’s determination of liability.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
Notes
. The Colorado Ski Safety and Liability Act, § 33-44-109(2) states:
Each skier has the duty to mаintain control of his speed and course at all times when skiing and to maintain a proper lookout so as to be able to avoid other skiers and objects. However, the primary duty shall be on the person skiing downhill to avoid collision with any person or objects below him.
. For example, “Although a motion for summary judgment under Rule 56 may be made in any civil action, it is not commonly interposed, and even less frequently granted, in negligence actions.” 10A C. Wright, A. Miller, & M. Kane, Federal Practice and Procedure § 2729 (1983). *809 ‘ ‘Issues of negligence, including such related issues as wanton or contributory negligence, are ordinarily not susceptible of summary adjudication either for or against the claimant, but should be resolved by trial in the ordinary manner.” 6 Jeremy C. Moore et al., Moore's Federal Practice ¶56.17[42] (2d ed. 1995). Both treatises, of course, recognize certain cases that may be more appropriate, such as the personal injury action for damages aftеr an airplane crash.
. During oral argument, plaintiff’s counsel attempted to explain what the district court meant in stating "it is axiomatic that a person skiing straight downhill travels faster down the slope than a person going across the same slope.” Counsel stated the axiom was based оn the rate of descent, not the speed of travel. That surmise reveals the underlying evidentiary conflict that granting the motion for summary judgment simply whited out.
. Of course, once a jury resolves these fundamental questions of liability, under Colorado law, it proceeds to compare the negligеnce of the respective parties. That is, when the jury decides, based on the evidence presented, who skied over the backs of whose skis, if that question is dispositive, then it will distribute liability for negligence accordingly. The district court's ruling, of course, eliminated any consideration of this factor.