412 Pa. 232 | Pa. | 1963
Lead Opinion
Opinion by
Lewis M. Castner (testator) died January 1, 1932, survived by his wife and five children. Under his will, he gave the “rest, residue and remainder” of his estate to the First National Bank of Williamsport (trustee) in trust for the following purposes: (1) to distribute from the “net income” of the “residuary estate” certain specific sums of money, annually, to his wife, three of his children and his sister during their lives; (2) on the wife’s death or remarriage, her share of the income was to be proportionately divided among the other three named life beneficiaries, excluding his sister; (3) on the death of “any other” beneficiary, the share of the income of such beneficiary was to go to his or her issue, and, in default of such issue, to the testator’s remaining children in proportion to the specific amounts of income given such children under the trust; (4) if the residuary estate should yield “more income than necessary to pay the amounts allowed [his] beneficiaries under [the] trust,” the “excess” was to be reinvested and “held to make up any prior or subsequent shortage in such payments, and if not required for that purpose shall be distributed at the termination of the trust in the same manner as the corpus of the trust funds”; (5) the trust was to continue “during the lives of [testator’s] wife and [his] children above named, and thereafter until [his] youngest grandchild living at the time of [his] death, arrives at the age of twenty-one (21) years”; (6) upon
On October 28, 1960, the trustee filed its first and partial account in the Orphans’ Court of Lycoming County and requested a determination of the question of the distribution of the balance of accumulated income in its hands, then amounting to $59,677.27. The matter was referred to an auditor. Being of the opinion that the residuary legatees had “an immediate right of possession of the remainder interest if the prior estates were presently terminated”, that the “unlawful accumulations represented] a part of the estate that is no longer affected by the life estates” and that, as to the accumulated income, the trust had terminated, the auditor concluded that the balance of the accumulated income should be distributed to the residuary legatees.
The Orphans’ Court of Lycoming County held that the residuary legatees did not have such a vested interest as took effect in immediate possession, that, as to the accumulated income, the testator died intestate and that the testator’s next of kin
All parties agree that the accumulation of income under the provisions of this will violates Section 9 of the Act and our sole inquiry is to whom such illegally accumulated income should now be distributed. Section 9 provides that income unlawfully accumulated “shall go to and be received by such person or per
The residuary legatees contend that, since by the provisions of the will the life beneficiaries are restricted and limited to the specific amounts of the net income which they were bequeathed, as to any surplus income, i.e., income accumulated over the years, only the residuary legatees, whose interest in the accumulated income becomes accelerated as to time of taking, are entitled to a distribution.
In this area of the law, White’s Estate, 8 Dist. 33, written by the very able Judge Penkose, has become recognized as a landmark case.
Maris’s Estate, 301 Pa. 20, 151 Atl. 577 is an example of a situation falling within the first part of this rule. In Maris’s Estate the widow by the terms of the will was given during her life the “net income” absolutely; she thereby became entitled to all the income arising from the corpus of the trust and became vested with an equitable life interest in the income-producing corpus which, upon the death of the testator, took effect in immediate possession; under such circumstances, the widow became entitled to distribution of any income unlawfully accumulated. By way of contrast, the life beneficiaries in the case at bar acquired an interest in the net income only to the extent of the specific amounts of income provided for them and they totally lack any interest in any surplus income over and above the specified amounts; the interest of the residuary legatees in the corpus and the accumulat
Under the second part of the rule, applicable only if the accumulations relate “to an interest not vested in possession”, the accumulated income goes to the residuary legatees only if the residuary estate is not the subject of the unlawful provisions providing for the accumulation of income. Thistles Estate
Furthermore, here the testator directed distribution of the corpus of his residuary estate “among all [his] grandchildren, in equal shares, the share of any deceased grandchild to be paid to his or her
Accumulation of this income must cease in response to the legislative declaration of the illegality of such an accumulation. The balance of the accumulated income cannot be distributed under the will because (a) the life beneficiaries are specifically limited and restricted in amount to the portion of the income which they may take and (b) the residuary legatees lack any right to possession or enjoyment of their interest until the happening of a future event, i.e., the termination of the trust, and the provisions as to accumulations are included in the residuary grant. Distribution of the accumulated income must, therefore, be made under the statute to “such person or persons as would have been entitled thereto if such accumulation had not been directed”; under the factual sitúa
In arriving at this conclusion we are mindful that in this will testator specifically directed that any accumulated income undistributed at the time of termination of the trust should be distributed in the same manner as the corpus of the trust and that he further directed that the trustee distribute to the residuary legatees in equal shares “the whole of [his] residuary estate, including undistributed income thereof” and we agree with the court below “that the testator probably intended that the grandchildren should receive the residuary of the trust estate . . . .” However, as we stated in Howell’s Estate, 180 Pa. 515, 519, 37 Atl. 181: “. . . when the policy of the law is violated by a direction to accumulate no effect should be given to the intention of the testator, and the distribution should be in accordance with the statute without regard to the will.”
Our examination of the provisions of this will and those of the Act convinces us that the only conclusion possible is that distribution of the accumulated income must be made to testator’s next-of-kin under the intestate laws.
Decree affirmed. Costs to be paid by the estate.
The applicable statute is tbe Act of April 18, 1853, P. L. 503, §9, as amended, 20 PS §3251.
Distribution would be of personalty.
Prom an examination of the will there is no doubt that the testator intended the accumulated income to be distributed in the same manner as the corpus of the trust, However, as we said in Hibbs’ Estate, 143 Pa. 217, 224, 22 Atl. 882, “. . . the manifest purpose of the testator was to add such accumulations [of income] permanently to, and make them take the destination of the original trust-estate [citing cases] . . .” and such class of eases comes “plainly within the prohibition of the statute; . . .” See also: Edwards’s Estate, 190 Pa. 177, 181, 42 Atl. 469.
A construction which will avoid an intestacy is always preferred if such result can be reached by any fair interpretation of the will: Bonham Estate, 393 Pa. 355, 143 A. 2d 50; Frambes Estate, 382 Pa. 398, 115 A. 2d 165.
See: Weinmann’s Estate, 223 Pa. 508, 510, 72 Atl. 806; Neel’s Estate, 252 Pa. 394, 409, 412, 97 Atl. 502; Thistle’s Estate, 263 Pa. 60, 66, 106 Atl. 94; Maris’s Estate, 301 Pa. 20, 25, 151 Atl. 577.
As specifically provided in this trust, the residuary legatees took an interest in the income.
“The fact that the legacies are vested is not conclusive of the right to accumulations in the meantime”: Billings’s Estate (No. 2), 268 Pa. 71, 76, 110 Atl. 768.
See also: Edwards’s Estate, 190 Pa. 177, 42 Atl. 469; Neel’s Estate, supra; Billings’s Estate (No. 2), 268, Pa. 71, 110 Atl. 768.
See also: Washington’s Estate, 75 Pa. 102; McKee’s Appeal, 96 Pa. 277; Carson’s Appeal, 99 Pa. 325; Grim’s Appeal, 109 Pa. 391; Schwartz’s Appeal, 119 Pa. 337, 13 Atl. 212.
Dissenting Opinion
Dissenting Opinion by
Striking down the unlawful accumulation does not compel the conclusion reached by the majority, a result which unnecessarily frustrates the intention of the decedent and defeats his plan of distribution.
During the thirty years following testator’s death, income in excess of that required to pay the designated annuities to his life beneficiaries accumulated. It is conceded that since any one of the life beneficiaries could have lived (in fact two are still living) beyond twenty-one years following testator’s death, and since the trust did not give them either the accumulated income or the principal which earned that income, the accumulations of income during the life of the annuitants are unlawful under the Act of 1853.
In such event, the Act mandates that unlawful accumulated income “shall go to and be received by such person or persons as would have been entitled thereto if such accumulation had not been directed . . . .” The provision creating the unlawful accumulation is void, and the will must be read and construed “ ‘as if it had been silent on the subject ....’” Thistle’s Estate, 263 Pa. 60, 66, 106 Atl. 94, 96 (1919), quoting from White’s Estate, 8 Dist. 33, 35 (Orphans’ Ct. Phila. Co. 1898). This is all that need be done. No further sanction, penalty or taint of illegality attaches to the testamentary writing by statute, decisional authority or considerations of public policy. Nor does the need to strike down an invalid provision prohibit a result (after the unlawful provision is legally disregarded)
Testator’s will, without the inoperative provision, expressed with unmistakable clarity and definiteness that his entire estate pass under his will and not by intestacy, in accordance with his plan of distribution: (1) a gift of a stated annual sum from income for life to his wife and children, and (2) a gift to his grandchildren of the entire remainder of his estate.
Surely, no principle in the law of decedents’ estates is more firmly established than the right of the testator to dispose of all of his property by his will in accordance with his lawfully expressed intention. Walton Estate, 409 Pa. 225, 186 A. 2d 32 (1962).
Included in decedent’s testamentary disposition of his entire estate is the accumulated income, and this he bequeathed to his grandchildren. Such income he specifically denied to the life beneficiaries by the clear terms of his will. Construing the will so that distribution is made to the life beneficiaries under the Intestate Act is, in effect, a rewriting of decedent’s will, a right we have repeatedly held a court does not possess. See Walton Estate, supra.
Although testator sought to accumulate the excess income until the termination of the whole trust and to have it distributed then with the corpus, deletion of that invalid direction makes the accumulated income currently distributable. It is only his direction to defer distribution of excess income that is invalid and fails. His other directions, including the distribution of corpus at the termination of the trust is proper and operative.. The income in controversy should, therefore, pass in accordance with the effective terms of the will to his grandchildren, even though distribution of the corpus is postponed until the end of the trust.
All grandchildren are living, and all have attained the age of twenty-one. Theirs is a vested interest in
I would, therefore, reverse the decree below, approve the report of the auditor, and direct distribution of the accumulated income to testator’s grandchildren as the residuary legatees in equal shares.
Section 9 of the Act of April 18, 1853, P. L. 503, 20 P.S. §3251, is applicable. It is repealed only as to conveyances effective on or after January 1, 1948.