delivered the opinion of thb court.
This wаs a writ of error to the Circuit Court of the United States for the northern district of Illinois.
Edward F. Bullard, a citizen of the State of New York, complained in the court below of Joseph Filkins, J. P. Phillips, Elihu Granger, and Edward H. Castle, in a plea of trespass on the case, alleging, at the same time, that they were partners, doing business as commission- merchants at Chicago, in the State of Illinois,' under the style and firm of Filkins, Phillips, & Company.
According to the transcript', the declaration was filed on the seventh day of July, 1856. As amended, it contained five counts, setting forth, in various forms, two distinct grounds of complaint against the defendants, which may be briefly stated as follows:
In the first place, it is alleged that the defendants, on the eighth day of November, 1855, fraudulently sold on credit, at Chicago, to one Edward S. Castle, certain goods belonging to the plaintiff and which he had previously intrusted to them, as commission merchants, for sale; and that the purchaser, at the time of the sale, was in failing circumstances and irresponsible; charging, in thé same connection, that the defendants, at the time of the transaction, well knew that thé purchaser was insolvent, and wholly unfit to be trusted; and that they negotiated the sale with intent to deceive and -defraud the plaintiff, whereby he suffered loss to an amount, equal to the value of the goods so sold and delivered.
- He also alleged, in other counts, that the defendants, prior to the sale of the goods, and at the time when it wаs made, represented to him that the said Edward H. Castle was worth at least eight thousand dollars above all his liabilities; that he was not embarrassed in his business affairs, or much indebted, and that he was a safe, cautious business man, and -every way worthy of credit. Those representations, the plaintiff alleged, were false, and. that' the defendants well knew they were so at the time of the negotiation, and when the goods wen delivered; and that they were so made by the defendants wit. intent to deceive and defraud him in the premises, and *181 had the effect to induce him to consent to the sale, and to deliver the goods, whereby he suffered loss, as is alleged in the other counts.
To those charges, as more formally set forth in the several counts of the declaration, the defendants jointly pleaded that they were not guilty; and on the third day of January, 1857, the parties went to trial on that issue.
Testimony was introduced by the-plaintiff in the opening, showing that Filkins, Phillips, & Company, w;ere commission merchants at the time of this transaction, doing business at Chicago, in the State of Illinois, and that they received the goods in question a short time prior to the sale, from one William' H. Adams, of that city, to whom the goods had previously been sent by the plaintiff to be sold on commission. He also proved the sale of the goods by one of the firm of Filkins, Phillips, & Company, to Edward H. Castle, on credit, substantially as alleged in the declaration, and that twо of the partners and the clerk of the firm were present at the time the sale took place.
Facts and circumstances were also adduced by the plaintiff, tending strongly to show that the purchaser was largely indebted and in failing circumstances at the time of the negotiation, and that two or more of the members of the firm must have known thathe was insolvent and utterly unworthy t>f credit.
Five per cent, was charged as commissions on thq sale of the goods, amounting to the sum of one hundred and thirty-five dollars; and the plaintiff introduced testimony tending to show that the purchaser, as a part of the transaction, gave his promissory úote to the firm, payable in forty-five days, to secure that amount. ’
Evidence was also introduced by the plaintiff, showing that representations as to the business circumstances and pecuniary responsibility of the purchaser were made to him at the time of the sale, by one or more of the defendants, substantially in the manner as alleged in the declaration. And it was clearly shown that two or more of the firm well knew that those representations were false, and that the subject of them was .wholly unlit to be trusted for that amount.
*182 Proof was also introduced by tbe plaintiff, showing that the purchaser was a relative of one of the firm, and that he had repeatedly been assisted by others in obtaining credit. And.raany of the circumstances were of a character tó afford a grоund of presumption that all of the defendants, must have known the true state of his affairs, and that he was insolvent.
When the plaintiff'rested his case, in the opening, the counsel of the defendants moved the court to order a nonsuit as to the defendant, Granger, upon the ground that the evidence offered by the plaintiff did not tend to charge him with a participation in the'fraud alleged in.the' declaration. At that stage of the cause, there was no evidence immediately connecting him with the transaction, except what might properly arise from the fact of his being one of the partners. But the ‘court .overruled the motion for a nonsuit, and the defendants .excepted.,
They .then requested the court, that the jury might be permittedto retire; and consider whether the eyidenee introduced was"sufficient to charge this defendant;' and if not, that the jury might be directed to. find him not guilty; urging, as a reason for the motion, that they desired to examine him as a witness for che-other defendants; but the court overruled'the application, and the defendants, excepted.
After, these motions were overruled, evidence was introduced by the defendants, and further, evidence was given by the plaintiff; all of. which was submitted to the jury, who returned their verdict in favor of the plaintiff.
mt Numerous exceptions were taken by the defendants in the progress of this .trial to the rulings of the court, in admitting and rejecting evidence, and they аlso excepted to two of the instructions given by the court to the jury.
1. As the facts have been found by the jury; the questions to be determined are^those that arise upon the exceptions. Of these, the first in the order of the argument at the bar is tbe one founded upon the refusal of the court to order a nonsuit as to the defendant, Granger, as requested by the counsel at the-.dose of the plaintiff’« testimony.
Several answers may be given to this complaint, each of
*183
which is sufficient to show that the exception cannot be sustained. In the first place, Circuit Courts have no power to grant a peremptory nonsuit against the will of the plaintiff. It was expressly so held by this court in Elmore v. Grymes and al.,
Repeated decisions have been made to' the same effect; and as long ago 'as 1832 it was declared, as the opiniou of this, court, in Crane
v.
the Lessees of Morris,
Another answer to this complaint arises from the fact that the motion for nonsuit is inapprоpriate in a case like the presr ent, where there are other defendants, to whom it cannot be applied. In actions of this description, where there is more than one defendant, the charge, beyond question, as a general rule, is joint and several, and, consequently, one may he found guilty and another not guilty; but at common law there cannot regularly be a nonsuit as to one and a verdict as to others; and for that reason, whenever it appears that there is evidence in the case to charge one or more of the defendants, a nonsuit is never granted at common láw, even in jurisdictions where-the authority to grant the' motion in a proper case is acknowledged to exist. Revett v. Brown, 2 M. and P., 18; Collier on Part., (Am. ed., 1848,) see. 809, p. 698.
But a more decisive answer to this ground of complaint arises from the fact that there was evidence in the case tending-to charge this defendant which rendered it proper that the question of his guilt or' innocence should be submitted to. the jury. He was a member- of the firm of Filkina, Phillips, & Company, as appears by the bill of exceptions. All of the *184 >oods ia question were deposited in their warehouse, and the jury have found that the goods were sold by the firm. Two >f the partners and the clerk of the firm were present at the ale, and the commissions earned in transacting the business went to the benefit o'f all the partners of which the firm was composed.
In view of all the circumstances as disclosed in the evidence, it would be impossible to say, as matter of law, that it was error in the court to overrule the motion, even if the authority to grant it were conceded.
2. Wé come now to examine the second exception, which arises out of the refusal»of the court to permit the jury to re-, tice at the close of the plaintiff’s case, and consider whether the evidence offered in the opening was sufficient to charge this defendant .with a partiсipation in the alleged fraud.
Upon-this subject "the general rule is, that if a defendant who. is a material witness for the other defendants has been ■improperly joined in-the suit, for the purpose of excludiug bis testimony, the jury will be directed to find a separate verdict iii his favor; in which case, the cause being at an end with, respect to him, he may be admitted as a witness for the other defendants. This .course, however, can be all'ow;ed only where there .is no evidence whatever against him, for the reason that then only does it appear that he was improperly joined in the suit, through the artifi.ee and fraud of the plaintiff. If there be any evidence against him, -then he is not entitled to a separate verdict, because, under such circumstances, it does not appear that' he was improperly joined, and his guilt or innocence must ;wait the general verdict of the jury, who are the sole judges'of the fact. 1 Greenl. Ev., sec. 358; Brown
v.
Howard,
Courts of justice are not quite.agreed as to what stage of the trial the party thus improperly joined in the suit may insist upon a verdict in his favor — whether at the close of the evidence-offered "by the plaintiff in the opening, or whether he .must 'wait-until the case is closed for the defendants. Mr. Creen leaf regards ft as the settled practice,, that if, atthe close .of the plaintiff’s cáse, there is one defendant against whom no *185 evidence is given, he is entitled instаntly to be acquitted;' and it must be admitted that the decision of the court in Childs v. Chamberlain, 6 C. and P., 213, favors that view of the law. But Lord Denman held, in Sowell v. Champion, 6 Ad. and Ellis, 415, that the application to a judge in the course of a cause, to direct- a verdict for one or more defendants in trespass, is addressed to his discretion, and that the discretion was to be regulated, not merely by the fact that, at the close of the plaintiff’s ease, no evidence appeаrs to affect them, but by the probabilities whether any such will arise before the whole evidence in the cause closes. There is, says the learned judge, so palpable a failure of justice, where the evidence for the defence discloses a case against a defendant already prematurely acquitted, that such acquittal ought never to take, place until there is the strongest reason to believe ■ that such a consequencе cannot follow.
Some courts hold that the application; in. all cases, is addressed to the. discretion of the court. Brotherton
v.
Livingston,
Whatever, diversities of decision there may be upon this point, all agree thát the application ought not.to be granted, unless it appear that there is mo evidence to affect the party in whose favor it is made. Brown
v.
Howard,
3. After a careful consideration of the severаl exceptions to the rulings of the court in admitting and rejecting evidence, .we are of the opinion that none of them ean be sustained. Considering the great number of the exceptions, their separate examination at this time will not be attempted, as it would
*186
extend this investigation beyond reasonable limits. One class of them arises out of objections to the admissibility of evidence offered by the plaintiff, tending to show that the defendants, or some of them, had aided the purchaser in this case in committing similar acts of fraud in the.purchase of other goods,.about the same time, from other persons. According to the evidence, some of those purchases were prior and others subsequent to the peridd of the sale of the goods in this case. All of this class of exceptions may well be considered together, as they involve the same general principles in the law of evidence. , Decided cаses have established the doctrine that, cases of fraud like the present are among the wellrecognised exceptions to the general rule, that other wrongful acts of the-defendant are not admissible in evidence on the trial of the ^particular charge immediately involved in the issue. Similar fratidulent acts' are admissible in cases of this description, if committed at or about .the same time,, and when the same motive may reasonably be suppоsed to exist, with a view to establish th'e intent of the defendant in respect to the matters charged against him in the declaration. Assuming the proposition as stated to be correct, of which there can be no doubt, it necessarily follows, that no one of this class of the exceptions is well taken. .Some of the decided'cases go farther, and hold that such evidence is admissible, as affording a ground, of .presumption to prove the main charge; but, whether so or not; it is clearly competent, as tending to show the intent of the actor in respect to the matters immediately involved in the isSUGoOn trial. Cary
v.
Hoatling,
In the course of the trial, th,e plaintiff offered evidence tend iug to show the pecuniary circumstances of the purchaser of these goods," his acts and conduct in respect to the' goods *187 after the purchase, and that he was largely in- debt and insolvent.
■ He also introduced evidence tending to show that two or more of the defendants had represented to other persons, about the same time, that the purchaser of the goods in question was in good standing, and that they had likewise assisted him in obtaining credit with other dealers in merchandise.
.To all or nearly all of this evidence, as more fully detailed in the transcript, the defendants objected, and those objections constitute the foundation of the several exceptions included in this class. Much of the evidence was of a circumstantial character; and it is not going too far to say, that some of the circumstances adduced, if taken separately, might well have been excluded. Actions of this description, however, where fraud is of the essence of the charge, necessarily give rise to a wide range of investigation, for the reason that the intent of the defendant is, more or less, involved in the issue. Experience shows that positive proof of fraudulent acts is not generally to be expected, and for that reason, among others, the law allows a resort to circumstаnces, as the means of ascertaining the truth. Great latitude, says Mr. Starkie, is justly allowed by the law to the reception of indirect or circumstantial evidence, the aid of which is constantly required, not merely for the purpose of remedying the want of direct evidence, but of supplying an invaluable protection against imposition. 1 Stark. Ev., p. 58.
Whenever the necessity arises for a resort to circumstantial evidence, either from the nature of the inquiry or the fаilure of direct proof, objections to testimony on the ground of irrelevancy are not favored, fot the reason that the force and effect of circumstantial facts usually and almost necessarily depend upon their connection with each other. Circumstances altogether inconclusive, if separately considered, may, by their number and joint operation, especially when corroborated by moral coincidences, be sufficient to constitute conclusive proof. Applying these principles to the several exceptions under consideration, and it is clear that no one of them man be sus*, tained.
*188 Other exceptions to the rulings of court were taken during the progress of the trial; but it is so obvious that they are without merit, that we think it unnecessary to give them a separate examination at the present time, and they are accordingly' overruled.
At the argument, it was supposed by the counsel of the original defendants that the circuit judge had allowed the plaintiff to introduce parol proof of the contents of a writ of attachment, referred to by one of the witnesses ; but, on exam-. ination of the transcript, we find that no such ■ evidence was admitted. •
4. Exceptions were also taken to certain portions of the charge of the court. On this branch of the case, most reliance was placed upon certаin objections to the first instruction given to the jury, which- is as follows :■
“If the goods, were in the custody of the defendants, for sale on commission, and one or more of the partners made false and fraudulent representations- as to the party to whom they were to be sold by the defendants, then the partnership would be liable, if, in consequence of such representations, the plaintiff consented to the sale to that party, and the sale was actually madе by the firm to the party.”
"Some criticisms Were- also made in the printed argument for the defendants upon the second instruction, which, like the former, was duly excepted to; but, .inasmuch as it is not- essentially different in principle from the other, and as the questions presented in each depend upon the same • general considerations, it will not be reproduced.
Both instructions were framed upon the theory that the der fendante were not liable, unless the j ury found from the evidence that the goods were actually sold by the firm; which, to say the least of it, was a theory sufficiently favorable to the defendants. Judge Story- says, in his valuable work on partnerships, that torts-may arise in the course of the business of the ’partnership, for which all the members of the firm will be liable, although the- act may not in fact have been assented to by all the partners. Thus, for example, if one of the partners should commit a fraud in the course of the pаrtnership business, all *189 the partners may be liable therefor, although they may not all have concurred in the act. So, if one of a firm of commission merchants should sell goods consigned to the firm, fraudulently, or should sell goods so consigned in violation of instructions, all the partners would be liable. Story on Part., sec. 166; Collier on Part., (Am. ed., 1848,) secs. 445 and 457; Nicoll o. Glennie, 1 Maule and Selw., 568.
In precise accordance with this view of the law, it was said, and well said, by the court, in Olmsted v. Hoatling, 1 Hill; 318, that it does not lie with one to claim property-through the fraudulent act of another, whether partner or agent, without being affected by that act the same as if it were his own; and we think the same principle must apply in a case like the present,. where a firm-doing business as commission merchants have-received the fruits of the fraud in the commissions earned for transacting the business.
Where one assuming to be an agent had committed a fraud in a sale, it was held, in Taylor v. Green, 8 Car. and P., 316, that the mere adoption of the sale and the receipt of the money, by the person for whom the sale was made, rendered him liable for the fraud.
Suffice it to .say, without any further reference to authorities, that the theory of the instructions was sufficiently favora-' ble to the defendants.
5. Complaint is also made that the instructions excepted to were not sufficiently comprehensive; that they did not embrace all the elements which constituted the charge, as laid in the declaration. Strong doubts are entertained whether this point is properly raised by the bill of exceptions; but whether so or not, we are satisfied that the exception cannot, be sustained.
Instructions given by the court at the trial are entitled to a reasonable interpretation; and if the proposition as stated is correct, they are not as a general rule to be regarded as the subject of error, on account of omissiоns not pointed out by the excepting party. Seven requests for instructions to the jury were presented by the counsel of the defendants, every one of which was given by the court, without any qualification. *190 If the defendants had supposed that the instructions given were either indefinite or not sufficiently comprehensive, they might well have asked that further and more explicit instructions should be given; and' if they had done so, and the prayer had bgen refused, this objection would be entitled to more’ weight.
■ But* another answer, may be given to this objection, which is entirely conclusive against it. On recurring to the transcript, we find that the court, before the instructions excepted to were, given, explained to the jury the nature and character of the charge, describing substantially the two forms in which it was presented in the several counts of the declaration ; and in effect instructed them that it must be proved in the one or the other of those forms, in order tо entitle the plaintiff to a verdict in his favor. Those explanations immediately preceded the instructions embraced in the exceptions, and, in fact, may be regarded as a part of the same. Beyond question, the instructions excepted to must be considered in connection with those explanations; and when so considered, it is obvious that this objection cannot be sustained.
In view of the whole case, we think the defendants have no. just cause of complaint, and that there is no error in the record. The judgment of the Circuit Court therefore is affirmed, with costs. •