19 Abb. Pr. 394 | New York Court of Common Pleas | 1865
The parties in the above cases have been brought before me upon writs of habeas corpus, and the authority upon which they are held upon writs of certiorari. They have been severally committed by police justices for disorderly conduct, upon failing to give security for their good behavior, to the city prison, and from thence have been transferred to the workhouse upon Blackwell’s Island. Their discharge is sought upon the ground that the original commitments, in every case, are void, and upon the further ground, in some of the cases, that the transfers to the workhouse were not in. the mode prescribed by law.
As many laws have been passed in respect to those summary' convictions, and as a great deal of uncertainty prevails as to the correct mode of procedure under them, it will be necessary for me to review the various statutory enactments, that I may pass intelligibly upon the questions raised.
In that portion of the Revised Statutes relating to the internal police of the State (1 Rev. Stat., ch. 20, part I., titles 2 and 5), an enumeration is made of two classes of offenders: 1st, vagrants; 2d, disorderly persons. Under the head of vagrants are embraced: 1st, idle persons, living without employment, and having no visible, means of support; 2d, beggars ; 3d, persons wandering abroad, and sleeping in the open air, or other specified places. And disorderly persons are substantially designated—as: 1st, Those who abandon their wives and families; 2d, prostitutes; 3d, fortune-tellers; 4th, mountebanks; 5th, common showmen; 6th, gamblers; and 7th, keepers of bawdy-houses.
The first class, vagrants, upon conviction before a magistrate, may he committed to the poorhouse for six months, or, if improper persons to be sent there, may be sent to the county jail for sixty days. The second class, disorderly persons, upon conviction, may be required by the magistrate to give security for their good behavior for a year, and, failing to do so, may be committed to the common jail until they find such security, or are discharged by law. Upon the conviction of a vagrant, a record of the conviction must be made up by the magistrate,
In 1833, an act was passed for the regulation of the criminal courts of this city (Laws of 1833, 9, ch. 11), which, among other things, embraced an enumeration of the class known as vagrants, which is more extensive than that contained in the Bevised Statutes, and an addition was made to the class known as disorderly persons. This act, which was limited to the city of New York, authorized the mayor, recorder, or any police justice of the city, to commit vagrants, who are- not notorious offenders, to the almshouse for six months at hard labor; or, if not fit persons to be sent there, then to the penitentiary for the same period. It provided for the commitment of disorderly persons in the same manner as in the Bevised Statutes, and in both cases required the filing of a record of the conviction.
This act made provision also for what is denominated in the act disorderly conduct, which by one section (§ 5) is the riding or driving of a horse through the public streets at a greater rate of speed than five miles an hour; and in another section (§ 8) is declared to be such disorderly conduct as, in the opinion of the magistrate, tends to a breach of the peace. For the of-fence of improper driving, the magistrate is authorized to impose a fine of $10, and if it is not paid, to commit the offender to the city prison until it is paid, but not for a longer period than ten days; and for the offence of disorderly conduct tending to a breach of the peace, he is empowered to require the offender to give security for his or her good behavior for a period not exceeding twelve months. The statute is silent as to what the magistrate is to do, if the security is not given; but though not expressed, the intention is manifestly implied that the offender is to be committed until he gives it, or until the expiration of the period for which he was required to give it; and such, since the passage of the act, has been the course of procedure under it.
The disorderly conduct here referred to is distinguishable and different from those acts which will constitue a disorderly person or a vagrant, as defined in this statute and by the Be-vised Statutes. In common parlance, a person guilty of disorderly conduct may be said to be a disorderly person; but
The first objection is, that no record has been filed. It is not necessary. The fact that the statute of 1833 makes provision for the filing of a record upon the commitment of a vagrant or of a disorderly person, and makes no such provision in relation to convictions for disorderly conduct, must be taken
In 1859, an act was passed in relation to police justices in this city (Laws of 1859, 1129, ch. 491), by which it was provided (§ 5) that in all cases of arrest for intoxication or disorderly conduct, the police justice, in addition to holding the party to hail for good behavior, should have power to impose a fine to the extent of $10, or to commit to the city prison for a period not exceeding ten days, each day of imprisonment to be taken as a liquidation of one dollar of the fine.
It is insisted that since the passage of this act there can be no commitment for a greater period than ten days—that all the magistrate can do is to require the party to give security for good behavior; and if it is not given, to impose a fine of $10 or less; and if that is not paid, commit to the city prison for ten days or less. But this, by the express word of the statute, is a power given in addition to that which authorized the magistrate to require security for the party’s good behavior for a period not exceeding twelve months; and the use of the words “in addition” is a plain indication of the intention that the previous power was to continue. As I interpret the statute, therefore, the justice may, as he could do before, require the party to give security for any period not exceeding twelve months, and commit him if he fails to give it; or he may impose a fine to the extent of $10, and if it is not paid, commit the party for a number of days corresponding with the amount of the fine. As a large number of those who are arrested for disorderly conduct are composed of a class generally unable to give security, the discretion is certainly a very large one which allows a magistrate to commit them to prison for twelve months, when for much graver offences the Court of Special Sessions can .sentence an offender for no longer a period than six months ; and this becomes the more serious when it is considered that the right to commit for disorderly conduct is not expressly given, but merely implied. In the commitment of
The strange anomaly is therefore presented, that the former? who are guilty of much graver-offences, have their cdnyietidn 1 reviewed at the next term of the Court of General Sessions that they cannot, in any event, be imprisoned fot; a longer period than six months, and may be discharged by, the Court of Sessions, or at any time during their imprisonment by an order of two of the Commissioners of Public Charities and Correction, with the approval of the magistrate that commitféd them:, while the latter, whose offences are of a lighter degree, may be imprisoned for twelve months, and cannot be discharged unless they give security. An act -was passed in 1857 (Laws of 1857, vol. 2, 708), amended in 1859 (Laws of 1859, 794), by which a writ of certiorari to the Court of Sessions to review a conviction in a police court may be allowed by a, justice of the Supreme
By an act passed in 1860 in relation to the police and courts in this city (Laws of 1860,1013, ch. 508), it was provided (§ 20) that every person in this city and county shall be deemed guilty of disorderly conduct that tends to a breach of the peace, who shall in any thoroughfare or public place in said city and county commit any of the following offences, that is to say:
“ 1st. Every person who shall suffer to be at large any unmuzzled, ferocious, or vicious dog.
“2d. Every common prostitute or night-walker, loitering or or being in any thoroughfare or public place for the purpose of prostitution or solicitation, to the annoyance of the inhabitants or passers-by.
“ 3d. Every person who shall use any threatening, abusive, or insulting behavior, with an intent to provoke a breach of the peace or whereby a breach of the peace may be occasioned.”
It is claimed that this is a legislative exposition of what is meant by disorderly conduct; that it defin.es and limits the nature of the offence, and that every commitment must show upon its face that the offender .was found guilty of some one of the acts above specified.
But this statute cannot be taken as repealing those parts of the act of 1833 providing for the punishment of disorderly conduct. It declares that the cases specified shall constitute disorderly conduct; but neither in its terms nor by implication does it limit it to such cases. It is not in conflict nor in any way inconsistent with the pre-existing act of 1833, by the provisions of which any conduct is disorderly which, in the opinion of the magistrate, tends to a breach of the peace. ■ In respect to the acts or offences particularized, it leaves nothing to the discretion or opinion of the magistrate, if the fact is proved; but does not go beyond that. It is not desirable that it should, for
The next objection is, that none of the commitments, except in one case, specify any act that was done, tending to a breach of the peace. It is insisted that the commitment should set forth, either that the party was convicted of some one of the acts specified in the amendatory statute of 1859 ; or some act or acts should be stated which, in the opinion of the magistrate, had a tendency to produce a breach of the peace.
This objection is not tenable. Where the criminal process under which the party is imprisoned is returned, as in these cases, in answer to the writ of habeas corpus, all that the officer granting the writ can do is, to examine the process to see if the officer or court whence it emanated had jurisdiction of the subject-matter; and if that appears upon the face of the process, the prisoner must be remanded to the custody from which he was taken. The officer making these commitments may have acted upon insufficient evidence, or without any evidence at all; but that is not a matter which can be inquired into upon habeas corpus. (The People a. Cassels, 5 Hill, 168; Bennac a. The People, 4 Barb., 31; The People a. McLeod, 25 Wend., 483; 1 Hill, 377; In the Matter of Clarke, 9 Wend., 483; In the Matter of Prime, 1 Barb., S. C., 340; Case of the Sheriff of Middlesex, 11 Ad. & Ellis, 273.) “ A warrant,” says Justice Willard, in Bennac a. The People, supra, “ issued upon the conviction of a party as a disorderly person, is not required to recite any fact but such conviction;” and in the learned note of the late Mr. Hill upon the nature of the writ of habeas corpus (3 Hill, Appendix, 658, notes 30, 31), he says, after a citation of the authorities: “ Neither this [the English] nor our own statute was intended to authorize an inquiry into the validity of writs,
The commitments in these cases declare that the prisoner was charged before the magistrate, upon the oath of a witness who is named, with such disorderly conduct as, in the opinion of the magistrate, tends to a breach of the peace; that the prisoner was required to give security for his good behavior; that he failed to do so; and closes with the order that he be committed to the city prison for a period named, which in no one of the cases is greater than six months, or until he find security. This is amply sufficient to show that the police justice in each case acted in a matter of which he had jurisdiction, and that he had- authority to do what he did. If he acted erroneously or uppn insufficient evidence, the prisoner’s remedy is to procure the allowance of a writ of certiorari to the Court of Sessions to review the justice’s judgment under the amendatory act of 1859. (Laws of 1859, 794.)
The next objection is to the mode by which the prisoners were transferred from the city prison to the workhouse on Blackwell’s Island. The act abolishing the almshouse and creating the Department of Public Charities and Correction (Laws of 1860, 1026, ch. 510), authorizes the board of commissioners to transfer and commit from the city prison to the workhouse,' vagrants, disorderly persons and persons committed for crime. There might be some doubt whether persons committed to the city prison for disorderly conduct would be included in either of the classes above specified ; but that doubt is set at rest by the passage of the act of 1864 (Laws of 1864, 1342, ch. 586), which is not" only a legislative recognition that such was the intention, but an act designating the time at which the transfers may be made in such cases. This disposes of the first objection made upon this ground.
In some cases, the party is committed until he finds security in a certain sum for his good behavior. Such a commitment is void, as the justice can require the party only to give security for some period, not exceeding twelve months ; and under a commitment like this, the party, if he could not find security, would be detained beyond twelve months. It is, in such an event, equivalent, in fact, to perpetual imprisonment.
In other cases, the commitments are defective, as they fix no positive term of imprisonment, other than that it is not to exceed six months. They do not declare for what period the party was required to give security for his good behavior, but simply direct that he shall be imprisoned for a period not exceeding six months.
The last objection is, that a judge upon habeas corpus has no power to discharge a commitment for disorderly conduct, in any case or for any cause.
By an act passed in 1864 (Laws of 1864, 1342, ch. 586), it is declared that no person committed- to the said city prison or the workhouse for drunkenness or disorderly conduct, shall be released or discharged from confinement before the expiration of the term for which he or she shall be committed, except upon reversal of judgment upon appeal, or review by a court of superior jurisdiction to the magistrate making the commitment, without a written order, directing such discharge, be made and signed by the committing magistrate and one of the Commissioners of Public Charities and Correction.
It is not to be assumed that the Legislature intended to take away the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus, where the citizen is deprived of his liberty by an officer acting totally
The power, therefore, which a judge exercises upon habeas corpus to inquire into the cause of the detention, where a party is deprived of his liberty, is, in the language of the statute of 1864, as applied to cases like this, a review by a court of superior jurisdiction to the magistrate making the commitment.
This disposes of all the questions before me; and the parties brought up upon the several writs will be remanded or discharged according as the decision affects their several cases.