102 P. 668 | Cal. Ct. App. | 1909
The action was brought against the trustees, clerk and treasurer of the city of Lodi, a municipality of the sixth class, to enjoin and restrain them from selling or disposing of certain bonds to the amount of $76,000 which had been voted by the electors at a special election called for that purpose for a combined plant for supplying said city of Lodi and its inhabitants with water and electric light. The decision was in favor of defendants and the appeal is from the judgment on the judgment-roll.
For the general authority to incur the indebtedness and to issue the bonds respondents rely upon the act of the legislature of 1907, entitled "An act authorizing the incurring of indebtedness by cities, towns and municipal corporations for municipal improvements, and regulating the acquisition, construction or completion thereof." The portion of said act sufficient for the purpose of the discussion is as follows: "Sec. 1. Any city, town or municipal corporation incorporated under the laws of this state may as hereinafter provided incur indebtedness to pay the cost of any municipal improvement requiring an expenditure greater than the amount allowed for such improvement by the annual tax levy. Section 2. Whenever the legislative branch of any city, town or municipal corporation shall by resolution passed by vote of two thirds of all its members and approved by the executive of said municipality, determine that the public interest or necessity demands the acquisition, construction or completion of any municipal improvement, including bridges, water works, water rights, sewers, light or power *465 works or plants, buildings for municipal uses, school houses, fire apparatus and street work or other works, property or structure necessary or convenient to carry out the objects, purposes and powers of the municipality, the cost of which will be too great to be paid out of the ordinary annual income and revenue of the municipality, . . . it may call a special election and submit to the qualified voters of said city, town or municipal corporation the proposition of incurring a debt for the purpose set forth in said resolution, and no question other than the incurring of the indebtedness for said purpose shall be submitted; provided that propositions of incurring indebtedness for more than one object or purpose may be submitted at the same election. The ordinance calling such special election shall recite the objects and purposes for which the indebtedness is proposed to be incurred, the estimated cost of the proposed public improvement," etc. (Stats. 1901, p. 27.)
The specific grant of power as to cities of the sixth class, involved in the present controversy, is contained in section 862 of the General Municipal Incorporation Act [Gen. Laws 1906, p. 898] which provides that "The board of trustees of said city shall have power . . . 3. To contract for supplying the city or town with water for municipal purposes, or to acquire, construct, repair and manage pumps, aqueducts, reservoirs or other works necessary or proper for supplying water for the use of such city or the inhabitants or for irrigating purposes therein. . . . 13. To acquire, own, construct, maintain and operate street railways, telephone and telegraph lines, gas and other works for light and heat; public libraries, museums, gymnasiums, parks and baths." . . .
No question is raised by appellant as to the regularity of the proceedings culminating in the vote authorizing the issuance of the bonds, except in regard to the estimate of the cost of the improvement hereinafter to be noticed, but he claims the judgment should be reversed for the following reasons: "First, the City of Lodi has no right or authority in law to sell to its inhabitants electric light. Second: The bonds voted were illegal and invalid by reason of the fact that no separate estimates were given to the City of Lodi by any engineer prior to the election at which said bonds were voted, showing the estimated cost for a plant for supplying *466 the City of Lodi and its inhabitants with water, or a separate estimate for supplying electric light. Third: The bonds are invalid because there was an estimate only for a combined plant for supplying water and electric light. Fourth: The said bonds are illegal and invalid for the reason that the electors were not given an opportunity to vote separately upon the proposition for supplying the City of Lodi and its inhabitants with water, and upon the proposition of supplying them with electric light."
1. The general rule as to the power and authority of municipalities has been stated by Judge Dillon and approved by the courts as follows: "It is a general and undisputed proposition of law that a municipal corporation possesses and can exercise the following powers and no others: 1. Those granted in express words; 2. Those necessarily or fairly implied in or incident to the powers expressly granted, and 3. Those essential to the declared objects and purposes of the corporation — not simply convenient, but indispensable." (1 Dillon on Municipal Corporations, sec. 89.) He further says (sec. 91) that "the rule of strict construction of corporate powers is not so directly applicable to the ordinary clauses in the charter or incorporating acts of municipalities as it is to the charters of private corporations; but it is equally applicable to grants of powers to municipalities and public bodies which are out of the usual range, or which may result in public burdens, or which in their exercise touch the right to liberty or property, or as it may be compendiously expressed, any common-law right of the citizen or inhabitant." In this principle announced by Judge Dillon appellant claims to find justification for his first contention. It seems clear, though, to us that in the grant of power to cities of the sixth class, if not explicitly expressed it is at least necessarily implied that the municipality shall have the authority to furnish the inhabitants for private use as well as the general public with electric light. In the grant there is no specification as to the purposes for which the light is to be furnished, and, therefore, we think no purpose for which such works are usually designed and operated was excluded from the contemplation of the legislature in the enactment of the statute. Indeed, it would be a strained and unnatural construction of the language used to hold that the works were to be devoted simply to corporate uses. When the city is expressly authorized *467
"to acquire, own, construct, maintain and operate . . . gas and other works for light and heat" the incidents of such ownership and right of operation necessarily follow. Appellant's view derogates from the ordinary meaning of the terms used and writes into the statute a restriction of the use, which we have no right to assume was in the mind of the legislature. If the same grant were made to an individual, no one, of course, would contend for such a limitation, but it is sought here because of the idea that it is hardly within the legitimate functions of a municipality to furnish light to its inhabitants. But the modern decisions recognize this as a public use and not outside of the usual range and scope of municipal authority. InJacksonville Electric Light Co. v. City of Jacksonville,
In the Thompson-Houston Electric Light Co. case,supra, Mr. Justice Shiras said: "It has been the uniform rule that a city in erecting gas works or water works is not limited to furnishing gas or water for use only upon the streets and other public places of the city, but may furnish the same for private use."
The case of Hyatt v. Williams,
The suggestion of appellant that the attempted grant is unconstitutional because it is special legislation, in that it is confined to cities of the sixth class, is answered by the supreme court in the case of Ex parte Jackson,
2. The contention that separate estimates of the cost of a plant for supplying water and of one for supplying light are required is entirely without merit. The law, indeed, contemplates that separate estimates shall be made for each separate improvement or structure, but it does not require the impracticable attempt to determine and declare what part of the cost shall be appropriated to each purpose in case of the construction of one plant or mechanism capable of supplying various needs of the community. The construction for which appellant contends would lead to the absurd result that however advantageous on the ground of economy or efficiency might be the course pursued in the present instance, the plan must be rejected for the reason that the trustees did not adopt the more expensive and probably less feasible scheme of separate plants to furnish water and electric light. The proposal, being for a definite sum for a single definite plant, satisfies the requirement of any reasonable interpretation of the law.
In State ex rel. Chilocothe v. Wilder,
In harmony with the foregoing the supreme court of this state, in the City of Oakland v. Thompson,
In People v. Counts,
The cases cited from this state by appellant are easily distinguishable from the foregoing, and if there is a decision anywhere condemning such a proposal as the one before us it should not be followed.
3. What has already been said applies to the third and fourth considerations submitted by appellant. Holding as we do that the proposal presented by the trustees was within the power granted by the statute and the constitution, it follows that the elector cannot complain because he was not afforded the opportunity to vote for one proposition and against the other. As suggested by the learned counsel for respondents: "The fact is that the elector can scarcely ever vote upon that precise proposition which, of all the possible and authorized propositions he prefers. He may favor the specified purpose but not the specified amount of the proposed debt, or vice versa, yet he must vote, if at all, upon a proposition which combines both purpose and amount."
The duty of determining the necessity for the expenditure and the propriety of submitting it to the electors and the particular phraseology in which it shall be expressed is cast upon the trustees, subject to a reasonable and practicable regard for the right and privilege of the electors to be informed as to the purposes and cost of the proposed improvement, that they may exercise at the polls an intelligent and discriminating judgment as to their own interests and the public welfare. *471
We see no reason to disturb the judgment of the lower court and it is therefore affirmed.
Hart, J., and Chipman, P. J., concurred.
A petition to have the cause heard in the supreme court, after judgment in the district court of appeal, was denied by the supreme court on June 24, 1909.