Carver v. United States

159 Ct. Cl. 67 | Ct. Cl. | 1962

Lead Opinion

Jones, Chief Judge,

delivered the opinion of the court:

Plaintiff, an officer in the Eetired Eeserve, seeks to recover judgment for the difference between his retired pay as it would be computed pursuant to the provisions of § 202, title II, of the Army and Air Force Yitalization Act of 1948,¹ and that being paid him under the provisions of title III of that Act.² An examination of the record shows that plaintiff has accumulated more than the 20 years of active Federal service required by title II of the Act if he is entitled to credit for double time for his enlisted service in the Philippine Islands during the period from November 1, 1908, to May 5,1912, pursuant to the provisions of the Act of May 26, 1900, as amended, 10 U.S.C. § 956 (1952).

Plaintiff, a citizen of the United States, served as an enlisted man in the Illinois National Guard from April 7,1907, through September 7, 1908. On September 8 of that year, he enlisted in the United States Marine Corps and served therein through September 7,1912. During this enlistment he served in the Philippine Islands from November 1, 1908, until May 5, 1912, a total of 3 years, 6 months and 5 days. On August 29, 1918, he enlisted in the United States Army, and was commissioned, on November 30 of that year, as a second lieutenant in the Infantry, Officers Eeserve Corps. From September 16, 1933, until August 4,1939, be served on active duty only during various training periods. On June 30, 1942, however, he was called to active duty in the grade of major and remained on duty until released to inactive duty as a surplus officer on October 14, 1947, in the grade of lieutenant colonel, Army of the United States. On November 3,1947, he enlisted in the United States Air Force as a staff sergeant, and was subsequently promoted to master sergeant.

On January 18, 1949, while so serving, plaintiff applied for retirement under the provisions of the Act of October 6, 1945, 59 Stat. 539, as amended, 10 U.S.C. § 948 (1952) (retirement of enlisted personnel). Upon receipt of this application, the Promotions and Separations Division of the Air Force solicited informal advice from the office of the Judge Advocate General, USAF, whether double time under 10 U.S.C. § 956 as an enlisted man could be credited for retirement as an officer under section 202 of the 1948 Act. That office responded that such service was considered so creditable, thus the Air Force returned plaintiff’s initial application, suggesting that he reapply for retirement as an officer under the provisions of section 202, title II. On May 31, 1949, plaintiff submitted such an application. The request was duly approved, plaintiff was discharged as an enlisted man on July 30, 1949, and the next day orders were issued retiring the plaintiff under the provisions of title II.

On May 26, 1950, however, the Promotions and Separations Division was advised that the General Accounting Office had noted an exception to the full payment of plaintiff’s retired pay; that the records showed that plaintiff had accrued only 17 years, 5 months and 12 days of active Federal service (excluding his credit for double time). On June 26, 1950, the Promotions and Separations Division requested the Judge Advocate to make an official ruling. That office responded, in part, as follows:

1. An officer is not entitled to credit for double time served as an enlisted man for the purpose of computing length of service for retirement, even though, under title II, P. L. 810, an officer may count actual enlisted service toward retirement (Bull. JAG 1912-40, Supp. 1, p. 8; 29 Comp. Gen. 220) consequently, it must be concluded tbat Carver was not entitled to “retirement” as a Reserve Officer under section 202 of the mentioned act, on 31 July, 1949.

The Judge Advocate’s office also gave the opinion that plaintiff was eligible for retired pay under title III of the 1948 Act, and suggested that plaintiff’s retired orders be amended, and his pay record adjusted accordingly, provided that the Comptroller General concurred. By letter dated August 1,1951, plaintiff was advised that his application for retirement under title II would be considered as an application for retirement under title III, and that his pay would be reduced accordingly. Plaintiff’s total service for retirement and basic pay purposes was in excess of 30 years. His active Federal service, for present purpose, including double-time credit, exceeded 20 years.

Subsequently, plaintiff was notified by letter dated September 4,1959, that his retired pay was to be further reduced by reason that his active duty as a master sergeant in the Air Force in 1948 and 1949 was not considered to be creditable service within the meaning of title III of the 1948 Act, inasmuch as he had attained the age of 60 years on July 2, 1947. It was upon receipt of this second notice of reduction in pay that plaintiff took steps to obtain relief.

Plaintiff contends that in determining his right to retirement under the 1948 Act, he should be permitted to credit double time for his service in the Philippines prior to 1912. It is defendant’s position that plaintiff may not take such credit because such credit is reserved by law for enlisted men while plaintiff seeks to retire as an officer. If defendant’s position is correct, plaintiff will not have the required service for retirement under section 202 of the 1948 Act. The issue, then, is narrow: whether double credit for Philippine service prior to 1912, as provided for in the Act of May 26, 1900, as amended, 10' U.S.C. § 956 (1952) may be applied as “active Federal service” for the determination of retirement eligibility under section 202 of title II of the Act of 1948, 10 U.S.C. § 943a (1952). We believe that it may, thus we need not, and do not reach plaintiff’s second contention that his active enlisted service subsequent to June 29, 1948 (the effective date of the Act of 1948) should be construed as creditable service for retired pay under title III, notwithstanding the fact that plaintiff had reached the age of 60 on July 2,1947.

The Act relied on by plaintiff, § 956 of title 10, U.S.C., provides as follows:

In computing length of service for retirement, credit shall be given soldiers for double the time of their actual service in China, Puerto Eico, Cuba, the Philippine Islands, the Island of Guam, Alaska, and Panama, but double credit shall not be given for service rendered subsequent to April 28,1904, in Puerto Eico or the Territory of Hawaii, nor shall credit for double time for foreign service be given to those who enlisted after August 24, 1912: Provided, That nothing herein shall be so construed as to forfeit credit for double time accrued prior to August 24,1912.

This provision of the law was previously considered by this court in the case of Whitaker v. United States, 134 Ct. Cl. 245. In Whitaker, as in the instant case, the claimant had served time prior to 1912 as an enlisted man in the Philippines. In that case, as in this, plaintiff eventually retired as an officer under the 1948 Act. Defendant, however, took the position in Whitaker that the Congress intended to restrict the crediting of double time for foreign service to cases of enlisted retirements only. To support this position, defendant relies on the fact that the statute used the word “soldiers” when speaking of retirement credits, and that “soldiers” clearly means enlisted men.

Defendant calls our attention to several statutes³ which, in general, use the word “soldier” in contexts which apply only to enlisted men and their retirement. These statutes, however, support defendant’s position only to the extent that they demonstrate a legislative intent only to give credit for enlisted service, as opposed to commissioned service, prior to 1912. It does not follow that if one does serve as an enlisted man during the required period, and later becomes an of-fleer, that be must relinquish the credit which had attached to him by reason of his prior service. It is our view that while the Congress, in enacting § 956, did not specifically provide that soldiers who later became officers should be included, the language is all inclusive and should, in the circumstances, be construed to preserve the rights of those in this category. We think that this is the import of the proviso to that section.

In dealing with this question in Whitaker, supra, the court swept away all technical objections to give effect to the only logical pattern that section 956 could be said to have established. In Whitaker, this court said:

It is inconceivable that the defendant, after inducing soldiers to enlist for foreign service by allowing credit for double time should in the face of these clear provisions refuse to carry out the promise that had been made. [134 Ct. Cl. 245, 249.]

and

To deny plaintiff credit for double time which he had earned in early-day foreign service simply because he had the energy and ambition to earn a commission would be to put a premium on sluggishness and a penalty on thrift. We do not believe the wording of a somewhat complicated series of statutes justifies any such interpretation. [134 Ct. Cl. 245, 248.]

But defendant presses upon us a distinction, which, it claims, prevents this court from applying these principles to the instant case. It is defendant’s position that title III of the 1948 Act provided limited retirement for any member of a Eeserve component who qualified thereunder, whether ah officer or an enlisted man; thus Whitaker, a title III case, cannot control the construction of title II of that Act which relates only to the retirement of Regular Army and Reserve officers. We do not consider this distinction to be legally significant in this case. Basic to defendant’s argument is the fact that title III does not require the holding of any specific status, such as officer or enlisted man,, in order to qualify for retirement thereunder. But this basic fact is irrelevant when it is remembered that Whitaker was in fact an officer when he retired. When Whitaker’s final status is given its proper emphasis, defendant’s position is reduced to a claim that Whitaker, though an officer when he retired, might utilize the double credit authorized by section 956 because he retired under a title of the 1948 Act which also authorizes the retirement of enlisted men, while Carver may not claim that credit because he retired under a section restricted to officers. The inconsistency of such a position is apparent, and we reject it. If the term “Federal service” means all active Federal service in title III, Whitaker v. United States, 134 Ct. Cl. 245, 249, then it must also mean the same in title II. If the service of an enlisted man in the Philippines can be applied to the retirement of an officer retiring under title III, then there can be no logical basis upon which to refuse that same credit to an officer retiring under title II who only claims credit for active service, provided that he otherwise qualifies thereunder.

By memoranda submitted by the parties to the action, upon oral argument, the subject of the statute of limitations was drawn to this court’s attention. Suffice it to say that the case before us falls into the category of so-called “continuing claims” where payments are made periodically, and each successive failure to make payment gives rise to a new claim upon which suit can be brought.⁴

This case is one in which no administrative agency or board has been set up to decide the claim, thus it does not fall within that category of cases where administrative action is a condition precedent. See, e.g., Lipp v. United States, 157 Ct. Cl. 197, 301 F. 2d 674, cert. denied, 373 U.S. 932.

Plaintiff’s motion is granted and defendant’s motion is denied.

Plaintiff is entitled to retirement pay as a lieutenant colonel with over 20 years’ service from November 30, 1953, such, date being 6 years prior to the filing of plaintiff’s petition, to the date of judgment.

Plaintiff is entitled to recover and judgment is entered accordingly. The amount of recovery will be determined pursuant to Rule 38 (c).

Defendant’s counterclaim is dismissed.

Davis, Judge; Durfee, Judge; and Whitakee, Judge, concur.

1 62 Stat. 1084, 10 U.S.C. § 943a (1952), which reads as follows:

“Any officer on the active list of the Regular Army, the Regular Air Force, or Philippine Scouts or any officer of the reserve components of the Army of the united States or of the Air Force of the united States who shall have completed not less than twenty or more than thirty years’ active- Federal service in the armed forces of the united States, at least ten years of which shall have been active commissioned service, may in the discretion of the Secretary of the Army or the Secretary of the Air Force, as the case may be, be retired upon his own application.”

2 Section 302(a) reads, in pertinent part:

“Any person who, upon attaining or having attained the age of sixty years, has performed satisfactory Federal service as defined in this section in the status of a commissioned officer, warrant officer, flight officer, or enlisted person in the Army of the united States or the Air Force of the United States, including the respective reserve components thereof * * *, and has completed an aggregate of twenty or more years of such satisfactory service * * * shall, upon application therefor, be granted retired pay * *

3 The Act of September 30, 1890, 26 Stat. 504 (30-year retirement for enlisted men) ; Act of October 6, 1945, 59 Stat. 539 (20-year retirement for enlisted men) ; Career Compensation Act of 1949, 63 Stat. 880. In addition to these statutes, defendant, in the instant case, cites to Rev. Stat. § § 1243, 1244 (1875) and to all the amendments of the Act of May 26, 1900.

4 See e.g., Odell v. United States, 134 Ct. Cl. 634, 637:

“* * * cases come before this court in which an employee of the Government has a right specifically defined by statute, the establishment of which requires no determination by any board or agency, as, for instance, the right to compensation. This right to compensation continues so long as the employment continues. Ordinarily it is payable monthly, and may run over a period of many years. The employee may neglect to assert his right for a long period of time, and for the first time assert it after the lapse of six years from the time the first payment under the statute was due him. In such a case we have held that the plaintiff is entitled to recover all payments that accrued under the statute within six years.”

See, also, Levadi v. United States, 137 Ct. Cl. 97, 100, cert. denied, 353 U.S. 917.

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Dissenting Opinion

Laramoee, Judge,

dissenting:

I believe in this case it is by no means clear that plaintiff is entitled to title II retirement pay as prayed for in the petition. To qualify him for title II retirement pay he must be credited for double time spent in the Philippines. This time was enlisted service as a Marine.

Plaintiff contends that the provisions of 10 U.S.C. § 956 (1952) apply in determining the eligibility of a Regular or Reserve officer for retirement under 10 U.S.C. § 943a (1952). 10 U.S.C. § 956 provides:

§ 956. Double ceedits eor eoreigN service bt eNlisted MEN.

In computing length of service for retirement, credit shall be given soldiers for double the time of their actual service in China, Puerto Rico, Cuba, the Philippine Islands, the Island of Guam, Alaska, and Panama, but double credit shall not be given for service rendered subsequent to April 23, 1904, in Puerto Rico or the Territory of Hawaii, nor shall credit for double time for foreign service be given to those who enlisted after August 24, 1912: Provided, That nothing herein shall be so construed as to forfeit credit for double time accrued prior to August 24,1912.

It is noted that the above statute provides for crediting of certain foreign service as double time in computing the eligibility of soldiers for longevity retirement. This does not mean, as will be later demonstrated, that the provisions of the above statute apply to a Regular or a Reserve officer seeking retirement as an officer under the provisions of a statute relating specifically to the retirement of officers.

The first statute providing credit for double time of an enlisted man’s service was the Act of September 30,1890, 26 Stat. 504. This statute clearly provides credit for double time for service only in the case of enlisted men.

Tbe Act of May 26,1900, supra, was amended by the Act of March 2,1903, 32 Stat. 933. The amending language also is confined to soldiers (enlisted men) after 30 years’ service.

The Act of May 26, 1900, supra, was further amended by the Act of April 23, 1904, 33 Stat. 264. The amending language provides credit for double time for enlisted service only.

A further amendment of the Act of May 26, 1900, supra, was accomplished by the Act of August 24, 1912, 37 Stat. 575. Again, the amendment embraces only enlisted men after 30 years’ service.

Thus no provision is cited or can be found in the Act upon which plaintiff relies, or any other act, that allows the computing of double time for foreign service except for purposes of 30-year retirement of enlisted men.

That the term “soldiers” can only mean enlisted men is clear. The Articles of War in effect at all times herein material, defined the word “soldiers” to mean an enlisted man.

Section 1342 of the Revised Statutes (1878) provides:

Tire armies of the United States shall be governed by the following rules and articles. The word officer, as used therein, shall be understood to designate commissioned officers; the word soldier shall be understood to include non-commissioned officers, musicians, artificers, and privates, and other enlisted men, and the convictions mentioned therein shall be understood to be convictions by court-martial.

The use of the word “soldiers” to distinguish a commissioned officer from an enlisted man was continued in the Articles of War until superseded by the Uniform Code of Military Justice, 64 Stat. 107. The present Articles of War, 62 Stat. 627, also defines “soldiers” as including a non-commissioned officer, a private, or any other enlisted man.

Later statutes authorized the retirement of enlisted men with less than 30 years of service, the first being the Act of June 30, 1941, 55 Stat. 394. The very wording of the Act only extends the same credit in computing time necessary for retirement as an enlisted man only.

The Act under which plaintiff claims, 10 U.S.C. §§ 943a, 97lb (1952), specifically provides for the voluntary retirement of officers and does not provide for the crediting of any service of eligible officers as double time.

Thus the conclusion is inescapable that Congress never intended to extend double time credit in determining eligibility of an officer for voluntary retirement. Plaintiff is seeking retirement under the provisions of a statute relating specifically to the retirement of officers and cannot claim the benefit of the provisions of an act relating only to enlisted men.

The case of Whitaker v. United States, 134 Ct. Cl. 245, is clearly distinguishable since Whitaker was claiming Title III entitlement, whereas plaintiff Carver is claiming entitlement under Title II of the 1948 Act, supra, relating specifically to the retirement of only Regular Army and Reserve officers. Title III provided limited retirement for any member of a Reserve component who qualified thereunder, whether an officer or an enlisted man, and plaintiff has not only qualified under that statute but is receiving retirement pay thereunder.

This leaves, in light of the above, the question of whether plaintiff’s active enlisted service performed subsequent to the date of plaintiff’s qualification for retirement is creditable in the computation of his retirement pay under the provisions of Title III of Public Law 810, supra.

The argument of defendant in respect to credit for Regular Army service performed subsequent to the date he became eligible for Title III retirement in the computation of his retirement pay, calls for statutory interpretation. Section 302(e) of the Act of June 29,1948, now codified in 10 U.S.C. § 676, under which plaintiff is seeking credit for service subsequent to date of qualification for retirement, provides:

§ 676. RETENTION AETER BECOMING QUADIFEED FOR RETIRED PAX.

Any person who has qualified for retired pay under chapter 67 of this title may, with his consent and by order of the Secretary concerned, be retained on active duty, or in service in a reserve component other than that listed in section 1332(b) of this title. A member so retained shall be credited with that service for all purposes.

It is the defendant’s contention that having qualified for retirement as of June 29,1948, credit for service subsequently can only be given in accordance with the provisions of the above statute. Defendant further contends that section 676 has application only to active duty in a Reserve status and cites the opinion of the Comptroller General in support of its contention. 38 Comp. Gen. 647. This opinion is to the effect that a member qualified for retirement under Title III of the Act of June 29, 1948, supra, is not entitled to any retired pay credit for service as an enlisted man in a Regular component, performed after qualification for Title III retired pay. While not explicitly stated, defendant’s reasoning apparently is that Title III pertains only to retirement of non-regulars. With this reasoning we must agree. Title III is replete with reference only to non-regulars. For example, section 302(a) of the Act of June 29, 1948, supra, has the proviso that for entitlement to such retired pay, the last eight years of qualifying service must have been as a member of a Reserve component. In fact, all of the language of section 302 deals with service in a “reserve component.”

The language used in the codification of the pertinent section, 10 U.S.C. § 676, differs somewhat from the language of the original statute. In section 302(e) of the original Act, the post qualification service was termed “Federal service” rather than “active duty or in service in a reserve component” as contained in the codification. Thus, for the purpose of Title III, the term “Federal service” pertained only to service in a non-regular component. Furthermore, the term “* * * credited with that service for all purposes” is not the language of the original Act. The language of the original Act was “* * * credited with equivalent periods of Federal service for the performance of such duties.”

The Historical and Revision Notes following section 676 are as follows:

The words “active duty, or in service, in a reserve component other than that listed in section 1332(b) of this title” are inserted to reflect the words “Federal service”, as used in Title III of the source statute. The words “that service for all purposes” are substituted for 10: 1036a (e) (last 11 words) and 34 : 4401(e) (last 11 words). The words “upon attaining the age of sixty years” are omitted as surplusage.

While no legislative history is cited by either party to illuminate this point, it seems apparent to me that Congress, when it enacted the codification of Title III, was concerned only with non-regulars as was the intent of the original Act. This being true, the provisions of section 676 should be construed to pertain only to the earning of additional Title III retired pay credits while in a Reserve status.

The language of the Comptroller General in 38 Comp. Gen., supra, is in point and we believe correct. The pertinent language is as follows:

The answers stated above which involve the application of the provisions of 10 U.S.C. 676 have been given on the basis that the conditions of that section have been met. One of those conditions is that the member be retained on active duty or in one of certain reserve components “by order of the Secretary concerned.” It is our opinion that the statute was intended to have a limited application to permit additional service credits in those cases in which, because of some special qualification, ability or situation the Secretary of the service concerned orders a member’s retention. Hence, unless it reasonably may be concluded in any case that the member was “retained” under an order, instruction or regulation issued by the Secretary, service performed by the member after becoming qualified for retirement pay is not within the scope of that statute.

In the light of this construction, Congress did not give and indeed did not intend to give credit for service as a Regular since plaintiff was not retained pursuant to 10 U.S.C. § 676. Consequently, he was not entitled to increased pay benefits by reason of his service after date of qualification for retired pay under Title III. It follows that the inclusion of plaintiff’s Regular Army service subsequent to June 29,1948, in the computation of his Title III retired pay to August 31, 1959, was in error and an overpayment resulted. Defendant had the right to recover by periodic deductions from plaintiff’s retired pay and defendant is entitled to judgment on its counterclaim for the unpaid balance.

I would dismiss plaintiff’s petition and grant defendant judgment on its counterclaim.

In accordance with the opinion of the court - and on a memorandum report of the commissioner as to the amount due thereunder, it was ordered on January 29, 1968, that judgment for the plaintiff be entered for $18,537.10.