151 F. 334 | U.S. Circuit Court for the District of Southern California | 1906
The uncontradicted evidence, written and oral, adduced .on this hearing, shows the following facts: That Cerritos slough is navigable; that defendant’s bridge was built without authority .of- Congress or the Legislature of. California, and obstructs tlie navigation of said slough; that- complainants, respectively, own lands situated on said slough, and are engaged in business enterprises dependent upon its navigation, and are suffering from the obstruction of such navigation serious damages, which from their nature are incapable of'estimation, and are therefore irreparable. Heilbron v. Canal Co., 75 Cal. 426, 17 Pac. 535, 7 Am. St. Rep. 183. From thesefaqts -it necessarily results that said bridge is a public nuisance, and the first'inquiry, purely oiie of law,, is as. to the sort of injury which- will
It is firmly established by a long line of federal decisions that an obstruction to navigable water may be enjoined by a private person who is injured thereby differently from the general public, either in degree or kind. Georgetown v. Alexander Co., 12 Pet. 98, 9 L. Ed. 1012; Pennsylvania v. Wheeling, etc., Bridge Co., 13 How. 564, 14 L. Ed. 249; Union Pacific Railroad Co. v. Hall, 91 U. S. 343, 355, 23 L. Ed. 428; Baird v. Shore Line Ry. Co., 2 Fed. Cas. 427 (No. 758); Works v. Junction R. R., 30 Fed. Cas. 626 (No. 18,046); Hatch v. Wallamet Iron Bridge Co. (C. C.) 6 Fed. 326; Id. (C. C.) 6 Fed. 780. This last case was reversed by the Supreme Court, but the reversal was on jurisdictional grounds, not affecting the point now under consideration. Willamette Iron Bridge Co. v. Hatch, 125 U. S. 2, 8 Sup. Ct. 811, 31 L. Ed. 629.
Whitehead v. Jessup (C. C.) 53 Eed. 707, relied on by defendant, it must be conceded, is not in line with the cases above cited, but supports defendant’s contention that, in order to maintain the suit, it must, appear that the defendant’s bridge causes some injury to the complainants different in kind from that sustained by the general public who navigate the waters in- question. In the case last named, paragraph- 2 of the syllabus is as follows:
“One who seeks by suit in his own name to compel the removal of an obstruction to navigable waters must show some injury to himself, caused thereby, different from the injury sustained by the general public who navigate such waters. Hence, where complainant, a riparian owner, had free access to the navigable channel in front of his land, held, that he could not, in his own name, maintain a suit to compel the removal of a bridge over such channel, half a mile from his land, though his boats, in navigating to and from adjacent waters, were obstructed by such bridge.”
Under this view of the law, a person who owns land of inconsiderable value immediately in front of the bridge and abutting upon the slough, if at all injured, no matter how slightly, might have equitable relief against the public nuisance; whereas, another riparian owner, but a few rods above the bridge, with large wharves for the accommodation of the shipping interests of the general public, and with large manufacturing, establishments dependent for their operation entirely upon the navigation of the waterway; and costing hundreds of thousands of dollars, would be wholly remediless. If the question were an open one in this court, I could not subscribe to such a doctrine'. The distinction which allows a remedy in one ca§e, but denies it in the other, is unsubstantial, and the right to the free use of navigable waters for trade and commerce is of such transcendent worth to individuals, as well as the state, that the remedies for its enforcement ought not to be abridged by technicalities or overnice refinements. The just rule, it seems to me, is that relief should be granted in all cases where there is special' injury to the complainant, whether the injury complained of be different in kind from that of the public at large or only greater in degree, and this unquestionably is the doctrine of Pennsylvania v. Wheeling Bridge Co., supra, as the Supreme Court itself subsequently declared in the following unmistakable terms:
*336 “An application, for a mandamus, not here a prerogative writ, has been sup-' posed to have some analogy to a bill in equity for the restraint of a public nui1 sanee. Yet, even in the supposed analogous case, a bill may be sustained to enjoin the obstruction of a public highway, Avlien the injury complained of is common to the public at large, and only greater in degree to the complainants. It Avas in the Wheeling Bridge Case, 13 How. 518, 14 L. Ed. 249, Avhere the Avrong complained of Avas a public Avrong, an obstruction to all navigation of the Ohio river.” Union Pacific R. R. Co. v. Hall, supra.
The state courts are not agreed upon this question; • but it is unnecessary to review their conflicting decisions, since the enunciations of the Supreme Court of the United States are absolutely authoritative. The following cases, however, are in line Avith the federal cases above cited: Hickok v. Hine, 23 Ohio St. 523, 13 Am. Rep. 255; Dudley v. Kennedy, 63 Me. 465; Farmers Co-op. Mfg. Co. v. Albemarle, etc., R. R. Co. (N. C.) 23 S. E. 43, 29 L. R. A. 700, 53 Am. St. Rep. 606.
Defendant’s contention that, because Cerritos sloügh is included within the boundaries of the Dominguez patent, both the United States and private persons are estopped from asserting the navigability of said slough, is without merit. I am of opinion that said patent did not operate to pass title to the bed of said slough. The Supreme Court of California has said (italics mine):
“In case of Royal Fishery, in the River Banne (Ireland), Davies, 149, it was resolved ‘that there are two kinds of rivers, navigable and not navigable; that every navigable river, so high as the sea ebbs and flows in it, is a royal river, and belongs to the king, by virtue of his prerogative; but in every other river, and in the fishery'of such other river, the terre-tenants on each side have an interest of common right, the reason for which is that, so high as the sea ebbs and flows, it participates of the nature of the sea, and is said to be a branch of the sea so far as it floAvs.’ One of the results of this royal prerogative was that a grant of land extending to and bounded by or including a navigable stream within its boundaries did not operate to pass title to the bed of the stream, while a grant from the sovereign of land bordering upon a stream not navigable in the common-law sense—that is, above tide water—would be presumed to extend to .the, thread of the stream. We must not be understood as indicating that at 'common law the bed of a navigable stream could not be granted to a subject by a sovereign, but only as saying that it did not pass, except in those eases where the specific intent to so grant was apparent in the conveyance.” Wright v. Seymour, 69 Cal. 124, 125, 10 Pac. 324, 325.
■ -I am not unmindful that it can with some show of plausibility be claimed that from the exception in the Dominguez patent of that portion of the surveyed tract covered by the navigable waters of the inner-Bay of-San Pedro may be inferred an intention to grant all other lands in the tract covered by navigable waters. It is sufficient, however, in answer to this claim, to say that a patent cannot, by inference or implication, pass title in the bed or shore of a navigable stream; but this can be done only by express words manifesting a specific intent to grant such title. In Shively v. Bowlby, 152 U. S. 1, at pages 13 and 14, 14 Sup. Ct. 548, 552, 553, 38 L. Ed. 331, the court says:
“In England,- from the time of Lord Hale, it has been treated as settled that the title in the soil of the sea, or of arms of the sea,,below ordinary high-water mark, is in the king, except so far as an individual or corporation has acquired rights' ih-iit-by express grant, or by prescription or usage. * * * The common law of England upon this subject, at the time of the emigration of our ancestors, is the law of this country, except so far as it has been modified by*337 the charters, constitutions, statutes, or usages of the several colonies and states, or by the Constitution and laws,of the United States.”
If it be conceded, however, that the legal title to the .shore or tide land, or even the entire'bed of said slough, passed by the Dominguez patent, still it was subject to the public right of navigation and the power of Congress under the commerce clause of the Constitution to regulate the stune. Shively v. Bowlby, 152 U. S. 1, 13, 14 Sup. Ct. 548, 38 L. Ed. 331; South Carolina v. Georgia, 93 U. S. 4, 23 L. Ed. 782; Eldridge v. Trezevant, 160 U. S. 452, 16 Sup. Ct. 345, 40 L. Ed. 490; Gibson v. U. S., 166 U. S. 269, 17 Sup. Ct. 578, 41 L. Ed. 996; Scranton v. Wheeler, 179 U. S. 141, 21 Sup. Ct. 48, 45 L. Ed. 126; Ward v.Mulford, 32 Cal. 365, 373; West Chicago Street R. R. Co. v. Illinois ex rel. Chicago (decided by U. S. Supreme Court April 9, 1906) reported in 26 Sup. Ct. 518, 50 L. Ed. 845.
In the case of Ward v. Mulford, above cited, the court says:
“If the Mexican government had made any rightful disposition of lands which she held as sovereign, neither the United States nor (ho state, as suc- < ceding sovereigns, could disregard it, any more than in the, ease of other lands. But by this we do not desire to be understood as holding that the Mexican government, or this state, has the same power of absolute alienation over lands held in virine of their sovereignty which they have over other lands. The land which the slate holds by virtue.of her sovereignty, as is well understood. is sucli as is covered and uncovered by the flow and ebb of the neap or ordinary tides. Such land is held by the state in trust and for the benefit of the people. The right of the state is subservient to the. public rights of navigation and fishery, and theoretically at least the state can make no disposition of them prejudicial to the right of the .public to use them for the purposes of navigation and fishery, and, whatever disposition she does make of them, her grantee takes them upon the same terms upon which she holds them, and, of course, subject, to the public rights above mentioned. But this restriction does not prevent her from disposing of them so as to advance and promote the interests of navigation.”
The power of Congress over navigable waters was broadly exercised in sections 9 and 12 of the act of March 3, 1899, entitled “An act making appropriations for the construction, repair and preservation of certain public works on rivers and harbors, and for other purposes” (30 Stat. 1151, c. 425 [U. S. Comp. St. 1901, pp. 3540, 3542]), which sections are as follows:
“See. 9. That it shall not be lawful to construct or commence the construction of any bridge, dam, dike, or .causeway over or in any port, roadstead, harbor, canal, navigable river, or other navigable,water of the United States until the consent of Congress to the building of such structure shall have been obtained and until the plans for the same shall have been submitted to and approved by the chief of engineers and by the Secretary of War: Provided, that such structures may be built under authority of the Legislature of a state across rivers and other waterways the navigable portions of which lie wholly within the limits of a single state, provided -the location and plans thereof are submitted to and approved by the chief of engineers and by the Secretary of War before the construction is' commenced: And provided further, that when plans for any bridge or other structure have been approved by the chief of engineers and by the Secretary of War, it shall not foe lawful to deviate from such plans either before or after completion of the structure unless the modification of said plans lias previously been submitted to and received the approval of the chief of engineers and of tile Secretary of War.
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“Sec. 12. That every person and every corporation that shall violate any of*338 the provisions of sections nine, ten and eleven of this act, or any rule or regulation made by thé Secretary of War in pursuance of the provisions of said section fourteen, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on convictiou thereof shall be punished by a fine of not exceeding twenty-five hundred dollars nor less than five hundred dollars, or by imprisonment (in the case of a natural person) not exceeding one year, or by both such imnisliments, in the discretion of the court. And further, the removal of any structures or parts of structures erected in violation of the provisions of said sections may be enforced by the injunction of any circuit court exercising jurisdiction in any district in which such structures may exist, and proper proceedings to this end may be instituted under the direction of the Attorney General of the United States.” .
In the case last cited (Scranton v. Wheeler, supra) the court said:
“The power to regulate commerce is the basis of the power to regulate navigation and navigable waters and streams, and these are1 so completely subject to the control of Congress, as subsidiary to commerce, that it has become usual to call the entire navigable waters of the country the navigable waters of the United States. It matters little whether the United States has or has not the theoretical ownership and dominion in the waters, or the land under them. It has, what is more, the regulation and control of them for the purposes of commerce. So wide and extensive is the operation of this power that no state can place any obstruction in or upon any navigable waters against the will of Congress, and Congress may summarily remove such obstruction at its pleasure.”
There is no escape from the conclusion that whatever interest, if any, in the shore or bed of Cerritos slough, passed by the Dominguez patént, such interest is subservient to the right of the public to use and the power of the government to control the waters of said slough for purposes of navigation.
There is another view,.which defeats defendant’s contention on this point. The constitutional power of Congress over the navigable waters of the United States cannot, of course, be impaired or restricted by the action of any agent or officer of the government, -and this unasssilable proposition would be absolutely disregarded by a holding that the Dominguez patent estops the government from asserting the navigability of Cerritos slough, when in fact it is navigable. Undoubtedly, the General Land Office had jurisdiction to determine the validity and boundaries of Mexican grants and to cause patents to issue therefor; but it is equally sure that neither that nor any other branch of the executive department could convey or surrender to a private person the right of the public to use or the government’s control over the navigable waters of the ceded territory, and any executive action claimed to have that effect would necessarily be thus far without authority of law. While it is questionable if the government can be estopped at all by a recital in its own grant or patent (Carver v. Astor, 4 Pet. (U. S.) 87, 7 L. Ed. 761), certainly no such estoppel can arise from the unauthorized act of an agent or officer (Attorney General v. Marr, 55 Mich. 445, 21 N. W. 883; State v. Brewer, 64 Ala. 287; Pulaski County v. State, 42 Ark. 118; Salem Imp. Co. v. McCourt, 26 Or. 93, 41 Pac. 1105).
. The point urged by defendant, that the relief asked for is in the nature of a mandatory injunction, and on that account should be denied, at least pendente lite, is not well taken. A mandatory injunction compels the affirmative performance, while a preventive injunction restrains ■ the commission of an act. 16 Am. & Eng. Ency. of Law,
In this last case, which was decided by the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, the court said:
“Whenever it is manifest to the court that, upon the ease made, an injunction will he granted at final hearing to the complainant, one should be awarded to him preliminarily, in the absence of facts presenting special equitable considerations to induce the court, in the exercise of judicial discretion, to withhold it. Under such circumstances, there is no reason why the complainant should not have his remedy immediately. Why should a court of equity permit a wrong, indisputable and wanton, to go unredressed longer than necessary?' The object of a preliminary injunction, is to preserve property rights pending the final determination of the suit.”
This last case, it is true, was a suit to restrain the infringement of a patent; but the principle of the quotation is applicable in all suits where preliminary injunctions are sought. The element of wanionness asserted in said quotation I do not apply to the case at bar, nor is it necessary to the relief sought. The rule is elsewhere succinctly stated as follows:
“But where the facts upon which the right depends are established or admitted, and the principles of law which on these facts would give the right are settled and established, a court of equity may apply the principles as seitled by the court of law to the facts and allow an Injunction.” 16 A.m. & Eng. Ency. of Law, 360.
The considerations and authorities last stated and cited not only justify, but require, a temporary injunction also in favor of -the Dock & Terminal Company, whose injuries are greater than those of Carver, and likewise irreparable, although, at the time said company was madeá party to the bill, the bridge was standing, and the. injunction, so. far
An injunction will issue restraining the defendant from maintaining, during the pendency of the suit or until otherwise ordered by the court, the bridge in controversy, upon the execution of. a bond in the sum of $3,500, with sufficient sureties, to be approved by the clerk of this court, to pay defendant all damages it may suffer from said injunction, in the event it should hereafter appear that complainants are not entitled to such relief.
Exceptions to a bill for impertinence should be in writing and signed by counsel. Equity rules 36 and 37. Noncompliance by defendants with said rules is doubtless fatal to its purported exceptions, made orally and entered on the minutes of the court. However, I am satisfied that said exceptions, if they were in writing and signed by counsel, would not be well taken, and they are accordingly disallowed.
The demurrer to the bill will be overruled, and the defendant assigned to answer the same on or before the rule day in August next.