I. INTRODUCTION
Albert H. Carter, plaintiff in the above-styled and numbered cases, has requested leave to proceed in forma pauperis in Civil Action 76-H-1342, styled
Carter, et al.
v.
Estelle, et al.,
For the reasons discussed herein, Albert H. Carter is denied permission to proceed in forma pauperis in this Court. Accordingly, because of plaintiff’s changed circumstances, as hereinafter described, the Court determines that the failure of plaintiff to pay to the Court Clerk the filing fee and costs of service in any of the above-listed actions within thirty (30) days will result in the dismissal of the lawsuit or, in the case of multiple-plaintiff actions, in plaintiff’s dismissal from the action.
II. PLAINTIFF’S CHANGED CIRCUMSTANCES
Carter, et al. v. Estelle, et al., Civil Action 76-H-1342, was transferred to this Court’s docket from the Eastern District of Texas, Tyler Division, on August 10, 1976. Because the in forma pauperis affidavits of plaintiffs, including plaintiff Carter, were not on the recently-revised forms of the Southern District of Texas, the Clerk of the Court sent to each plaintiff on October 10, 1976, the appropriate form for completion. The notarized affidavit of Albert H. Carter was filed on November 9, 1976, after two prior submissions by plaintiff Carter of October 18, 1976, and November 1, 1976, had been returned to him for failure to complete the recently-revised, as opposed to an outdated, form of affidavit to proceed in forma pauperis.
Question No. 6 in the revised affidavit asks the following question:
“Do you have the right to presently collect any assets, including money, based upon a personal loan, a business loan, a court judgment, or other source? Yes- No- If yes, please ex-
plain on reverse side of this sheet.” Plaintiff Carter’s written response under oath was as follows:
“Yes. I own a money judgment against an out-of-state corporation which has no assets in Texas. The judgment was rendered by a Texas state court. I am now engaged in litigation in the other state to collect the judgment. The corporation is resisting the litigation, which was filed several months ago. I have no idea or estimate when a judgment will be rendered.
“I also own a $900 judgment against a sole proprietorship located in Dallas, Texas which has been defunct for more than four years. I am attempting to locate the owner, but thus far have had no success.
“I also won a default decree two years ago in a money damage suit against Sheriff Jack Heard of Harris County, Texas, but it must be tried on the issue of the amount of damages. It is pending in thisfederal court, and I expect that it will be set for trial sometime in the next 15 or 20 YEARS, if I am lucky.”
However, upon discovery by the Court of the opinion of the Court of Claims in
Carter
v.
United States,
“Plaintiff Albert H. Carter will, within five (5) days, complete and return the attached affidavit relevant to his request to proceed in forma pauperis. Failure of plaintiff Carter to comply with this Order will result in disapproval of his application to proceed as a pauper.”
The attached affidavit for completion stated:
“Question: Have you within the past twelve (12) months obtained a final judgment in any action brought by you against the United States?
Answer: Yes_ No_
If your response is yes, as to each judgment state the:
(1) date final judgment was entered;
(2) style of the case, the court and docket number;
(3) amount in monetary damages awarded pursuant to such judgment;
(4) whether such damages have been collected, and if not collected, the reason for such failure. (If more space is needed, use the reverse side of this sheet.)
I understand that a false statement or answer to any questions in this affidavit will subject me to penalties for perjury.”
Plaintiff submitted a completed, verified affidavit in response to the Court’s November 15, 1976, Order on November 17, 1976, in which, in lieu of answering each delineated question on the affidavit, he stated under oath as follows:
“In January 1975 (more than 12 months ago), I won a decision in my favor in the United States Court of Claims, in the cause there docketed as No. 127-66, Albert H. Carter v. United States,509 F.2d 1150 (1975 Ct.Cl.) and that decision has become final. I was not awarded any ‘monetary damages’ in that action, and I did not sue for any ‘monetary damages’ in that action. I did win in that action certain military pays and allowances, due me since December 1960, but no ‘monetary damages.’ I am genuinely confused as to what constitutes a ‘judgment’ in the Court of Claims. For purposes of petitioning the Supreme Court for a writ of certiorari, the Court of Claims ‘decision’ of January 1975 has the status of a ‘final judgment,’ although it was not expressly called a ‘final judgment.’ Because of this confusion on my part, I cannot state precisely when a ‘final judgment’ was entered. In any event, payment of the military pays and allowances which I won in that action has not yet been tendered by the Government. The amount won is approximately $5,400. I do not remember the exact amount, and do not presently have access to all of my legal papers relating to that litigation, hence I cannot specify herein the exact amount. It was less than $5,500. I do not know whether, if ever, the Government intends to tender payment of the amount won in that litigation. I understand that I cannot obtain a Writ of Execution against the United Státes, and in any event the people at Fort Knox might resist it.”
Based upon the facts disclosed by plaintiff, and in order to confirm the statements of plaintiff, the Court contacted the United States Court of Claims and the General Accounting Office to inquire as to the current status of the judgment. In response to the Court’s inquiry, Mr. Frank T. Peartree, Clerk, United States Court of Claims, sent to the Court certified copies of two relevant documents which were filed as a matter of record on November 23, 1976, and are attached to this Order: (1) a letter from Mr. Peartree to Mr. Albert H. Carter at 5901 Weber, Apt. 3403, Corpus Christi, Texas
Based upon plaintiff’s affidavits of November 9, 1976, and November 17, 1976, and the documents submitted to this Court on November 23, 1976, the Court determines that plaintiff has the economic resources to finance the prosecution of his multiple private actions in that he has the present right to collect an outstanding court judgment in the amount of $5,486.76. Plaintiff therefore does not qualify as an indigent within the scope of 28 U.S.C. § 1915.
III. APPLICABLE LEGAL STANDARD
Section 1915(a) of 28 U.S.C. provides:
“(a) Any court of the United States may authorize the commencement, prosecution or defense of any suit, action or proceeding, civil or criminal, or appeal therein, without prepayment of fees and costs or security therefor, by a person who makes affidavit that he is unable to pay such costs or give security therefor. Such affidavit shall state the nature of the action, defense or appeal and affiant’s belief that he is entitled to redress.”
As this Court previously has stated:
“ . . . there are no ‘magic formulas’ for making the determination that the requisite in forma pauperis status is present, but instead, there is required a careful scrutiny and weighing of all of the relevant facts and circumstances involved in each particular situation.”
Dreyer
v.
Jalet,
Because plaintiff is no longer indigent, he may no longer prosecute at public expense the large number of actions presently on file in this Court.
See Perry v. Walker,
(1844) 1 Colly.Ch.Cas. 229, 63 Eng. Reprint, 396, 31 L.J.Ch.N.S. 75, 8 Jur. 680,
discussed in
A clear and convincing analogy for the proposition that the United States may recover for its financing of an action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915 once the plaintiff is no longer indigent is found in 18 U.S.C. § 3006A, the statute which provides for the appointment of counsel to represent indi
“A person for whom counsel is appointed shall be represented at every stage of the proceedings from his initial appearance before the United States magistrate or the court through appeal, including ancillary matters appropriate to the proceedings. If at any time after the appointment of counsel the United States magistrate or the court finds that the person is financially able to obtain counsel or to make partial payment for the representation, it may terminate the appointment of counsel or authorize payment as provided in subsection (f), as the interests of justice may dictate.”
Additionally, subsection (f) states:
“Whenever the United States magistrate or the court finds that funds are available for payment from or on behalf of a person furnished representation, it may authorize or direct that such funds be paid to the appointed attorney, to the bar association or legal aid agency or community defender organization which provided the appointed attorney, to any person or organization authorized pursuant to subsection (e) to render investigative, expert, or other services, or to the court for deposit in the Treasury as a reimbursement to the appropriation, current at the time of payment, to carry out the provisions of this section.”
Thus, while subsection (c) allows the Court to terminate the appointment of counsel, subsection (f) goes further and permits the Court to recoup on behalf of the United States for expenses previously borne.
Cf. United States v. Bursey,
The United States Supreme Court has upheld the validity of a similar state statute that authorizes recoupment for expenses against
“those convicted defendants who are indigent at the time of the criminal proceedings against them but who subsequently gain the ability to pay the expenses of legal representation.”
Fuller
v.
Oregon,
The purpose of 28 U.S.C. § 1915 is to provide access to the federal court for those persons economically unable to invoke its protection. The indigent plaintiff is accorded a privilege, not a right, and the scope of this privilege rests heavily in the Court’s discretion. As stated by the Supreme Court in
Adkins
v.
E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Co.,
“Sections 1 and 4 of the statute [28 U.S.C. § 1915] provide that a court may exercise a limited judicial discretion . [and] [w]e know of few more appropriate occasions for use of a court’s discretion than one in which a litigant asking that the public pay costs of his litigation, either carelessly or wilfully and stubbornly endeavors to saddle the public with wholly uncalled for expense.”
In exercising this discretion, courts have formulated the following legal tests to carry out the purpose of section 1915: Is petitioner barred from the Federal Courts by reason of his impecunity?
Souder v. McGuire,
Because of plaintiff’s recent and dramatic change in economic status, he no longer qualifies for public assistance under the legal standards as enunciated above. Thus,
“[hjaving raised himself above penury, petitioner must now confront the initial dilemma which faces most other potential civil litigants: Is the merit of the claim worth the cost of pursuing it?”
Carroll v. U. S.,
To date, the Government has prepaid the cost of plaintiff’s litigation. Within thirty (30) days, plaintiff will reimburse the Government for these prepaid costs in the following pending actions, according to the schedule listed below, and his failure to do so will result in the dismissal of the action or suits, his , in the case of multiple-plaintiff dismissal from the action.
Cause No.
Piling Fee +
Cost of Service ($3.00 per deft.1
Total Due
71- H-944 $3.00 $15.00 $18.00
72- H-344 $15.00 $3.00 $18.00
72-H-345 $15.00 $3.00 $18.00
72-H-1109 $15.00 $3.00 $18.00
74-H-42 $15.00 $3.00 $18.00
74- H-1260 $15.00 $6.00 $21.00
75- H-21 $15.00 $3.00 $18.00
75-H-314 $15.00 $3.00 $18.00
75-H — 438 $15.00 $9.00 $24.00
75-H-1134 $15.00 $30.00 $45.00
75-H-1138 $15.00 $3.00 $18.00
75-H-1184 $15.00 $3.00 $18.00
75-H-1392 $15.00 $3.00 $18.00
75-H-1402 $15.00 $9.00 $24.00
75-H-1514 $15.00 $3.00 $18.00
75-H-1679 $15.00 $30.00 $45.00
75- H-1992 $15.00 $3.00 $18.00
76- H-130 $15.00 $9.00 $24.00
76-H-457 $15.00 $3.00 $18.00
76-H-458 $15.00 $3.00 $18.00
76-H-704 $15.00 $3.00 $18.00
76-H-705 $15.00 $3.00 $18.00
76-H-707 $15.00 $12.00 $27.00
76-H-814 $15.00 $3.00 $18.00
76-H-863 $15.00 $3.00 $18.00
Cause No.
Filing Fee
+
Cost of Service ($3.00 per deft.1
=
Total Due
76-H-908 $15.00 $3.00 $18.00
76-H-1035 $15.00 $3.00 $18.00
76-H-1037 $15.00 $3.00 $18.00
76-H-1038 $15.00 $3.00 $18.00
76-H-1044 $15.00 $3.00 $18.00
76-H-1342 $15.00 $9.00 $24.00
76-H-1446 $15.00 $9.00 $24.00
76-H-1549 $15.00 $3.00 $18.00
76-H-1550 $15.00 $3.00 $18.00
76-H-1655 $15.00 $3.00 $18.00
76-H-1663 $15.00 $3.00 $18.00
76-H-1774 $15.00 $3.00 $18.00
76-H-1778 $15.00 $3.00 $18.00
76-H-1780 $15.00 $12.00 $27.00
76-H-1880 $15.00 $6.00 $21.00