2 Ind. 617 | Ind. | 1851
This was an indictment against William Carter, containing two counts. The first charged him with the murder of Manila Reed. The second charged him with administering to said Mariila “ divers deadly and noxious drugs and poisons, with the intent then and there
1. The indictment did not name the particular poison administered.
Had it, it would not have been necessary that the proof should correspond. 3 Chit. Cr. L. 734. The allegation in the indictment would, therefore, seem to be unnecessary. State v. Vawter, 7 Blackf. 592.
2. The indictment concluded against the statutes, when, it is insisted, it should have concluded against the statute.
The authorities are not uniform upon this point, and the objection is one not to be favored. In United States v. Gilbert et al., Mr. Justice Story says, “And I am also of opinion that if the offence was punishable by a single statute only, and the conclusion [of the indictment] was against the form of the statutes (in the plural) that it would, in point of law, be a good conclusion. I am aware that there is some diversity of opinion in the books on this point, but having had occasion many years ago, in Kenrick in error v. United States, 1 Gallis. R. 268, to consider the question with great care, that was the conclusion to which my judgment deliberately led me; and I have since seen no occasion to change it upon principle or authority.” The Supreme Court of New Jersey, in Townley v. The State, 3 Harri. 312, ruled the point the same way, and our views accord with those decisions.
3. The Court permitted the state to prove that it was the popular opinion that ergot would produce abortion.
To this the defendant objected. It is probable, as will appear from the evidence given below, that ergot was administered to Mrs. Reed shortly before her death. The fact proved might show a motive for administering it, and the intention with which it was done, and hence, we think, was admissible.
The defendant objected, insisting that the authors themselves should be produced as witnesses, or, if dead, that then their books should be read. In Collier v. Simpson, 5 C. & P. 73, it is held that medical books are not admissible evidence; but that medical men may give their opinions as witnesses, which opinions may, in a measure, be founded on the contents of standard medical books as a part of their general knowledge. 1 Greenl. 595, n. 3.
5. The Court instructed the jury that they were the judges of the law and the facts; but that it was their duty to believe the law to be as laid down by the Court.
Taken all together, we think the instruction expresses the law. It informs the jury that it is in their power to find a general verdict of guilty or not guilty, as they please, upon the whole case, and at the same time admonishes them that duty dictates that they should take the law from the Court. It is unnecessary for us to enter upon an elaborate argument and review of authorities on this question to vindicate our conclusion. In the cases of Pierce v. The State, 13 N. H. R., and Commonwealth v. Porter, 10 Met. 262, every thing is said upon the subject that needs be said, and the whole current of decision is almost unbroken on the point. The authorities are examined in the cases cited.
6. It is objected that the verdict of guilty was not justified by the evidence.
It remains but to consider this objection. In March, 1849, Henry Reed, then the husband of said Marilla, left this state for California, leaving behind him, residing on Duck creek in Franklin county, his wife and four children, the oldest about seven years, and the youngest about one year of age. Their house had but one room in which the family ate and slept. It contained three ordinary beds and one trundle bed. Five weeks after Mr. Reed’s
The mother of deceased testified that she did not hear of her daughter’s sickness till she heard of her death; was 26 years old; always in good health; was well and hearty when her father died, except sore throat, the effect of cold, which she soon got over, and was always hearty afterwards; had sore throat when she had cold; had slight sore throat and sick stomach a few weeks before her death. Witness went'to see her. Witness and the sisters of Mrs. Reed lived in the vicinity of deceased.
Mr. Wiggins says Mrs. Reed was at his house the Monday, or Tuesday, or Wednesday before she died; heard no complaint; she looked well. Carter took dinner at witness’s house the day of Mrs. Reed’s death; he said she was very sick; had been sick and vomited hard on Sunday morning; had helped to get breakfast one morning afterwards; after dinner, Carter went in the direction of Mrs. Reed’s.
Jesse Washburn says, Carter called me in as I was passing Mrs. Reed’s house in the afternoon of the day of her death, about three o’clock; no one there but Carter, the deceased, and her children; Carter said she was dying; she gasped but once after I entered the house; was lying undressed in bed; breast bare, hair disheveled; face had marks of dirty hands upon it; room unswept; no marks of violence upon deceased; Carter said she had complained of sore throat; found what was pronounced arsenic, and also ergot on a shelf in open cupboard in the room; arsenic was in two white papers, open; ergot was in a white paper with a brown paper outside, labelled “ 1 oz. ergot,” tied, but open at one end. Spoke to Carter about it on Saturday; he said Mrs. Reed could not have brought them there, he thought Hellen must have done it; declared himself ignorant of Mrs. Reed’s condition and of the medicines; expressed a willingness to go with me and learn how they came there; said he had given Mrs. Reed three sugar-coated pills and some pennyroyal tea,
Dr. Tennis says, Carter came for me to attend post mortem examination of deceased; came for Dr. Gifford and myself; said I was sent for, as it was suspected by some that Mrs. Reed was poisoned, and by others that she was in the family way; that neither was true; he was certain that neither was true. Several times on the road, and again when we arrived at the house, he proposed to me, that if we found anything wrong he would give me 10 dollars if I would not report it; he did not distinguish whether as to poison or pregnancy. Said I would also get the patronage of Mrs. Reed’s numerous relations by doing so. His manner was uneasy, excited. His proposition was rejected.
Mrs. Washburn says, saw deceased before she was cold; hair down, looked as full as in health, and natural, with the exception of froth at her mouth; Carter said she had not been sick much; got the sore throat and laydown and died; witness describes arsenic and ergot found as Washburn had done; also, saw some ergot in a tin cup, wet; cup had been nearly filled with water, but had none in it then; Carter protested his innocence and ignorance of Mrs. Reed’s pregnancy, and hoped to God his arm would drop off if he brought any ergot about the house; witness threw the arsenic into the fire for fear of some one being poisoned with it, and supposing it of no use.
Mr. Moffitt, clerk in Haile’s drug-store, says, at last February term of Court (the month in which Mrs. Reed deceased), I sold defendant, Carter, six or eight ounces of laudanum and one ounce of ergot; he said he was buying them for a midwife; the package of ergot now shown me (having been proved to be the identical one found at Mrs. Reed’s at her death) is the one I sold Carter; it then contained one ounce, and was labelled “1 oz.
Mr. Taiman, clerk in his brother’s drug-store, about three weeks before the death of Mrs. Reed, one cold, wet, night, sold Carter arsenic, thinks half an ounce; put it up in two white papers; .had but one kind of wrapping paper; Carter put them in his pocket; witness asked him what he wanted with arsenic; he said, jocularly, it was none of my (witness’s) business.
Dr. Tennis says, is a physician of between three and four years’ practice; was at Mrs. Reed’s Friday, March 1, 1850, the day after her decease; was called to examine her body; met Doctors Cain, Conner, and McGuire. Appearance of body healthy; no external marks of disease, or violence; examined stomach, part of bowels, mesenteric glands, and uterus; no part of stomach healthy; dark splotches, some bright red, at cardiac orifice; further down, dark, color of coagulated blood; inflamed, contained about a quart of thick, turbid, dirty-looking liquid, not so bright as brandy; ran out into the cavity of the abdomen; womb healthy, and contained a four or five months foetus; thinks her death was produced by arsenic; disease, under certain circumstances, might have produced such a condition; could never find such a stomach in so healthy a body; cold water would produce congestion, not corrosion; gastric juice, if in excess, and with nothing else to act upon, might act slightly upon the stomach; I examined the duodenum, part of small intestines, and mouth, not the throat; some redness at mouth; little darkness of the skin under the eyes. It is said that less than two grains of arsenic will produce death in an adult. By a chemical test, examination might have been more conclusive, but I was satisfied.
Doctor Cain, a physician of six or or eight years’ practice, says, was at post mortem examination, did not participate in it; there was no emaciation of the body; looked as if Mrs. Reed died in good health; saw the stomach taken out; on inner surface about twelve splotches, size from that of a shot to that of a dime;
Doctor Conner was Reeds family physician; don’t know that Mrs. Reed was ever sick enough to call a physician; enjoyed good health; was above medium size and corpulent ; saw her body little more than an hour after her death; looked well, no marks of disease; appearance natural, body rigid; assisted the next day at post mortem, examination; no change in her external appearance; ■ stomach seriously diseased; mucous coat partly destroyed; softened, livid, highly inflamed, splotched; that part near pyloric orifice mostly disorganized; foetus four months old; womb healthy; state of stomach did not agree with other appearances of health; thinks Mrs. Reed came to her death by a corrosive poison; stomach contained a good deal of gas and dark fluid; condition was not consistent with health for some time before death; a little girl said mother had taken pills; arsenic might affect throat; can’t say that it exhibits outward appearance of its presence; thinks gastric juice might soften inner coat of stomach after death; can be no inflammation after death; saw nothing about the room indicating vomiting or purging. [Nor, we remark, did any witness.]
Doctors Fosdick, Wallace, Peck, Gilchrist, all concurred in the probability, from the circumstances revealed in the post mortem examination, of Mrs. Reeds death having been occasioned by poison. All who were asked the question agreed that ergot, in large quantities, is a poison, and probably an abortive, at all events, in persons predisposed to miscarriage. All concurred that the post mortem examination in this case was not conclusive of
Mr. Washburn says, some three or four weeks after Mrs. Reed was buried, saw her body taken up out of the grave; her face and ear, one side, were red and fresh, more so than persons in common health; about her nose and mouth was a light blue mould; doctors then took out her stomach, and I took it to professor Stoddard, of Oxford, Ohio, a chemist. It was proved by another witness that the professor had left for the East before this trial.
George Berry is a physician of sixteen or eighteen years’ practice; ergot is administered to assist in expelling the foetus from the womb, and the placenta after the birth of the child, and used as an emmenagogue, and to check internal hemorrhages. It is a popular notion that it will produce abortion. Is acquainted with the properties of arsenic; it is used as a medicine, and administered internally as a tonic and alterative. When given in excessive quantities it produces great thirst, nausea, vomiting, (sometimes of blood,) purging, cold clammy sweats, darkness around the eyes, inflammation of the whole alimentary canal, and death. These symptoms sometimes vary, all of them, with others, occurring, and sometimes only a part of them. After death, the whole alimentary canal generally exhibits evidences of inflammation having existed; the mucous membrane of the stomach is more or less perforated and covered with red splotches which are to be found in other portions of the alimentary canal, especially that from the stomach upwards. There have been cases of death by poison from arsenic, whéüfe the stomach, after death, exhibited no traces of inflammation, although arsenic was found in the stomach ; and there have been cases where death resulted from arsenic, in which chemical tests did not give evidences of the use of arsenic. Slight eruptions upon the skin are present during the sickness, but will not be seen after death, except upon very close examination. It resembles the eruptions of miliary fever. The color
Such was the evidence, substantially, in the case. We shall not extend this opinion with comments upon it. Nothing that we could say would add to or diminish the clearness of the conviction it forces upon the mind of the guilt of the defendant below. The facts all conspire to support the hypothesis that Carter administered, or furnished to be administered, to Mrs. Reed, ergot and arsenic, with an illegal purpose, and that her death resulted in consequence. No explanation, no accounting for the circumstances, was attempted which might have laid the foundation for some other hypothesis to which the facts might have been applied.
We have here, the death of this woman, occurring in an unusual manner; the presumption of poison raised
The judgment is affirmed with costs.