533 F. Supp. 257 | S.D.N.Y. | 1982
OPINION
The matter before the Court is the report and recommendation of Magistrate Leonard Bernikow pursuant to 28 U.S.C., section 636(b)(1)(C) that petitioner’s application for a federal writ of habeas corpus to void his judgment of conviction of first degree robbery and murder in the second degree predicated upon the robbery felony be dismissed. The judgment which was entered in the County Court of Ulster County, New York following a jury trial, was affirmed upon appeal by the Appellate Division
The petitioner, appearing pro se, seeks to void his conviction upon alleged violation of his right to due process of law under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution on the following grounds: (1) admission into evidence of his written confession; (2) insufficiency of the evidence to establish guilt beyond a reasonable doubt; and (3) error in the court’s charge as to the standard required to sustain a conviction for the crime of murder in the second degree, based upon the predicate felony.
It is desirable to consider first petitioner’s claim that the evidence was insufficient to
Petitioner erroneously assumes that the jury was bound to accept, in its entirety, his confession which exonerated him from any role in the homicide by placing himself at a time and distance from the murder scene so that his complicity could not be inferred. But, as the Appellate Division pointed out, the jury was not bound to accept in totality his exculpatory confession; it had the right to evaluate it, accepting such parts and rejecting others as it chose, taking into account all the evidence, direct and circumstantial. The Appellate Division recognized that while the jury could have found a completed robbery in which petitioner had participated and that he had no role in the subsequent murder, it also “could properly conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that the killing to eliminate a witness and avoid future detection so closely followed the robbery in point of time and place as to be immediately connected therewith and, thus, within the commission and furtherance of that felony [citation omitted], or that the homicide took place while defendant was in immediate flight therefrom with the proceeds.”
Next, petitioner contends that the admission into evidence of his confession violated his right to due process of law. The Magistrate recommended that this claim be dismissed for failure to properly present it in the state appellate court.
At the trial, petitioner’s counsel renewed his attack upon the voluntariness of the confession and thoroughly cross-examined the state’s witnesses. When offered in evidence, counsel initially did not object but after a side bar conference, noted an “objection for the record” without stating the basis for the objection, which was overruled and the confession was received in evidence.
Petitioner’s appeal from the judgment of conviction was briefed and argued by his trial counsel, who also had represented petitioner on the motion to suppress. While, as already noted, at the trial a timely objection was made to the admission into evidence of the confession,
Petitioner’s conviction was entered in August 1974; it was affirmed in January 1976 and leave to appeal denied in February 1978. Petitioner commenced the instant proceeding in September 1980. In support of his “cause” position, petitioner asserts he was unable to present the issue to the Appellate Division because at the time of his appeal, he was confined to the Matteawan State Hospital and his attorney never consulted with him concerning the issues he, petitioner, desired to raise on appeal and that it was not until July 1980, four and a half years after the conviction had been affirmed that he received the appeal papers.
While the ultimate decision as to whether or not to appeal rests with a defendant, “decisions concerning which legal issues will be urged upon appeal are uniquely within the lawyer’s skill and competence, and their resolution is ultimately left to his judgment.”
the decision to assert or not to assert constitutional rights or constitutionally based objections at trial is necessarily entrusted to the defendant’s attorney, who must make on-the-spot decisions at virtually all stages of a criminal trial. As a practical matter, a criminal defendant is rarely, if ever, in a position to decide, for example, whether certain testimony is hearsay and, if so, whether it implicates interests protected by the [Constitution]; indeed, it is because “[e]ven the intelligent and educated layman has small and sometimes no skill in the science of law” that we held it constitutionally required that every defendant who faces the possibility of incarceration be afforded counsel.20
Once the confession was admitted into evidence, it became the cornerstone of petitioner’s defense — that the robbery had been a completed crime and that the murder was committed in his absence or without his knowledge. It was entirely exculpatory. It was used to his benefit rather than to his detriment. That it failed of its intended purpose does not establish actual prejudice.
The confession was also relied upon extensively in petitioner’s brief on appeal to attack the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain his conviction of the felony mur
The decision not to raise the issue of the confession was a matter of appellate tactics
By no stretch of the imagination was petitioner’s appellate counsel ineffective in the Sixth Amendment sense. . . . From the possible issues to be raised on appeal, he focused on an important one with likelihood of success and did not risk obscuring its worth in a welter of trivia. .. . Having reviewed the transcript of the Waa’e hearing, I am entirely satisfied that while a non-frivolous challenge could have been made, petitioner’s appellate counsel cannot be faulted for considering the probability of success too slight to merit inclusion in the initial appeal.25
Petitioner makes the bald statement that his attorney never consulted him as to the issues he desired to raise on appeal, assuming he was mentally competent to give expression to his views. Since the same counsel represented petitioner at every stage of his criminal proceeding, the failure to submit an affidavit from his attorney or an explanation for its absence weighs heavily against his claim.
Finally, petitioner contends that the court erroneously instructed the jury that proof beyond a reasonable doubt was not required to establish that the murder was committed in the course of or in furtherance of the robbery or in immediate flight therefrom thereby violating his right to due process of law. At the conclusion of the court’s instructions to the jury, counsel took a “general exception” to the charge. This was followed by a bench conference whereupon the court added:
If you find beyond a reasonable doubt that a robbery was committed but you find that the Prosecution has failed to establish to your satisfaction that the robbery was still in progress and had not terminated or that the immediate flight therefrom was not being accomplished, then you can not [sic] find the defendant guilty of murder and that the killing did not occur in the immediate flight therefrom.27
Petitioner argues that the clear inference which a jury would draw from the phrase “to your satisfaction” is that some other standard than proof “beyond a reasonable doubt” was applicable on the issue whether the robbery was still in progress. This claim fails on a number of grounds. First, no exception was taken to the instruction and thus the issue was not saved for appellate review.
But more important, the contention distorts the specific instruction in relationship to the main charge. The court in its principal charge on the murder count several times explicitly set forth tha.t the burden of proof rested upon the people to establish beyond a reasonable doubt each and every essential element of the crime.
Upon the entire record and for the reasons set forth herein, the recommendation of the Magistrate that the petition be dismissed is approved; accordingly, the petition for a federal writ of habeas corpus is denied. So ordered.
. People v. Carter, 50 A.D.2d 174, 377 N.Y.S.2d 256 (1975).
. The petitioner’s application was referred to Magistrate Bernikow by then District Judge Lawrence H. Pierce. Upon Judge Pierce’s appointment to the Court of Appeals, the case was reassigned to this Court.
. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979).
. People v. Carter, 50 A.D.2d 174, 177, 377 N.Y.S.2d 256, 258-59 (1975).
. Dyer v. MacDougall, 201 F.2d 265, 269 (2d Cir. 1952).
. See Picard v. Connor, 404 U.S. 270, 276, 92 S.Ct. 509, 512, 30 L.Ed.2d 438 (1971).
. People v. Huntley, 15 N.Y.2d 72, 255 N.Y.S.2d 838, 204 N.E.2d 179 (1965).
. Hearing minutes at 308; Trial Record (hereafter T.R.) at 5-9.
. T.R. at 465.
. T.R. at 753.
. N.Y.Crim.Proc.Law § 710.70(3) (McKinney 1971) provides:
A motion to suppress evidence made pursuant to this article is the exclusive method of challenging the admissibility of evidence upon the grounds specified in section 710.20, and a defendant who does not make such a motion before or in the course of a criminal action waives his right to a judicial determination of any such contention.
. See United States ex rel. Schaedel v. Follette, 447 F.2d 1297, 1300 (2d Cir. 1971); People v. Gonzalez, 55 N.Y.2d 887, 449 N.Y.S.2d 18, 433 N.E.2d 1266 (1982) (mem.); People v. Winslow, 36 A.D.2d 997, 998, 321 N.Y.S.2d 722, 723 (1971); People v. Covington, 18 A.D.2d 1086, 1086, 237 N.Y.S.2d 156, 157 (1963); cf. People ex rel. Knox v. Smith, 60 A.D.2d 789, 400 N.Y.S.2d 656 (1977).
. 433 U.S. 72, 97 S.Ct. 2497, 53 L.Ed.2d 594 (1977).
. Wright v. Bombard, 638 F.2d 457, 460 (2d Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 935, 101 S.Ct. 1400, 67 L.Ed.2d 370 (1981) (citing Forman v. Smith, 633 F.2d 634, 640 (2d Cir. 1980), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 1001, 101 S.Ct. 1710, 68 L.Ed.2d 204 (1981)).
. Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72, 84, 97 S.Ct. 2497, 2505, 53 L.Ed.2d 594 (1977).
. N.Y.Correc.Law § 400 (McKinney 1968). Effective April 1, 1977, jurisdiction over such persons was transferred to the Department of Mental Hygiene. N.Y.Correc.Law § 402 (McKinney 1968 & Supp.1981); N.Y.Mental Hygiene Law § 29.27 (McKinney 1978).
. N.Y.Crim.Proc.Law § 460.10 (McKinney 1971 & Supp.1981).
. N.Y.Crim.Proc.Law § 460.30 (McKinney Supp.1980).
. Ennis v. LeFevre, 560 F.2d 1072, 1075 (2d Cir. 1977), cert. denied, 435 U.S. 976, 98 S.Ct. 1625, 56 L.Ed.2d 70 (1978).
. See Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72, 93, 97 S.Ct. 2497, 2509, 53 L.Ed.2d 594 (1977) (Burger, C. J., concurring).
. Brief for Appellant at 6-15.
. See People v. DeMauro, 48 N.Y.2d 892, 894, 424 N.Y.S.2d 884, 886, 400 N.E.2d 1336, 1338 (1979).
. People v. Aiken, 45 N.Y.2d 394, 399-400, 408 N.Y.S.2d 444, 447, 380 N.E.2d 272 (1978) (“the right to counsel was not intended to afford a defendant, aided by the wisdom of hindsight, [an opportunity] to second guess matters of trial strategy employed by counsel”); People v. Dietz, 79 A.D.2d 476, 477, 437 N.Y.S.2d 185, 187 (1981) (“unsuccessful trial tactics do not amount to ineffective assistance of counsel in every case”); People v. Jackson, 74 A.D.2d 585, 586-87, 424 N.Y.S.2d 484, 485 (1980), aff’d 52 N.Y.2d 1027, 438 N.Y.S.2d 299, 420 N.E.2d 97 (1981) (“unsuccessful strategy decisions do not spell out ineffective assistance of counsel”).
. Davis, The Argument of Appeal, 26 ABA J. 895, 897 (1940).
. Ennis v. LeFevre, 560 F.2d 1072, 1077-78 (2d Cir. 1977) (Newman, J., concurring), cert. denied, 435 U.S. 976, 98 S.Ct. 1625, 56 L.Ed.2d 70 (1978).
. See United States ex rel. Brooks v. McMann, 408 F.2d 823, 826 (2d Cir. 1969); United States ex rel. Homchak v. New York, 323 F.2d 449, 450 (2d Cir. 1963), cert. denied, 376 U.S. 919, 84 S.Ct. 677, 11 L.Ed.2d 615 (1964); Fluitt v. Superintendent, Green Haven Correctional Facility, 480 F.Supp. 81, 86 (S.D.N.Y.1979).
. T.R. at 764 (emphasis supplied).
. People v. Reynolds, 25 N.Y.2d 489, 495, 307 N.Y.S.2d 201, 205, 255 N.E.2d 548, 551 (1969); People v. Adams, 21 N.Y.2d 397, 403, 288 N.Y. S.2d 225, 228, 235 N.E.2d 214, 216 (1968).
. Brief for Appellant at 17.
. T.R. at 746-48; 760-62.
. Cupp v. Naughten, 414 U.S. 141, 146-47, 94 S.Ct. 396, 400, 38 L.Ed.2d 368 (1973). See also United States v. Park, 421 U.S. 658, 674, 95 S.Ct. 1903, 1912, 44 L.Ed.2d 489 (1975) (a court in reviewing jury instructions is “to view the charge itself as part of the whole trial”); United States v. Birnbaum, 373 F.2d 250, 257 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 389 U.S. 837, 88 S.Ct. 53, 19 L.Ed.2d 99 (1967) (“[ojften isolated statements taken from the charge, seemingly prejudicial on their face, are not so when considered in the context of the entire record of the trial.”)