Carstairs v. Cochran

52 A. 601 | Md. | 1902

This appeal constitutes the third attack upon the validity of of the Act of 1892, ch. 704, as now amended by the Act of 1900, ch. 320, being secs. 204 to 213, inclusive, of the Supplement to the Public General Code of Maryland, providing for the collection of taxes upon distilled spirits in this State.

The appellants admit that all the features of the law which are here assailed upon constitutional grounds, were considered by the Court in Monticello Co. v. Baltimore City, 90 Md. 416, and that while the Act was there held invalid, as it thenstood, because of the failure to provide for a hearing in respect to the valuation to be placed on the spirits for the purposes of taxation, it was declared to be "in other respects free from constitutional objections." They contend, however, that the sole ground of the decision in that case was the failure to provide for notice of assessment (a defect which has since been cured by the Act of 1900, ch. 320), and that the expression of opinion upon any other point was not involved in the decisive objection on which the judgment was reversed, and was therefore an "obiter dictum" which should not preclude them from asking, or the Court from granting, a reconsideration of what was not then, but necessarily now is, the decisive point in controversy.

We cannot agree that the expression of opinion referred to was an obiter dictum. All the constitutional objections which are here urged, were urged in that case by the late Judge Fisher with all the ability and force for which he was so justly distinguished, and the ruling upon the prayers, which there constituted the single exception, required the consideration by the Court of all those objections. It may be difficult to frame a concise definition of an obiter dictum applicable to every such expression of opinion, and some Courts incline to the rule that the most deliberate expression of opinion, upon a question distinctly raised in the record, and fully argued by counsel, may nevertheless be regarded as a dictum, unless essential to the actual disposition made of the case. But as Bouvier well says: "It is difficult to see why, in a philosophic point of view, the opinion of the Court is not as persuasive on all the points which were so involved in the cause that it was the duty of counsel to argue them, and which were deliberately passed on by the Court, as if the decision had hung upon but one point;" and in Maryland the rule is in accord with this view. In Alexander v.Worthington, 5 Md. 489, it is said: "All that is necessary in Maryland to render the decision of the Court of Appeals authoritative on any point decided, is to show that there was an application of the judicial mind to the precise question adjudged;" and in Michael v. Morey,26 Md. 261, it was said that a decision there cited, could not be said to be obiter dictum, "as the question was directly involved in the issues of law raised by the demurrer to the bill, and the mind of the Court was directly drawn to, and distinctly expressed upon the subject." But as the question here is said to be one of much importance to the owners and custodians of this species of property, and is certainly important to the State, which derives all its needed revenues from taxation, and as it has been argued here with great earnestness and conspicuous ability, we shall state as briefly as possible the reasons which induce us to adhere to the views heretofore expressed. The provisions of the Act of 1892, ch. 704, were sufficiently detailed in the opinion rendered in Monticello Co. v. Baltimore City, supra, and that statement will be adopted for this case without repeating it here. That Act is assailed here as it was there, as fundamentally vicious, and upon precisely the same grounds, with the exception of the want of notice of assessment, which has been cured by the Act of 1900, ch. 320. These grounds are twofold; first, that it lays a tax upon property, and not upon the owner of the property, and second, that it compels one, not the owner of the spirits, to pay the tax due by the owner who is usually unknown to the party compelled to pay.

Upon the first of these grounds we said in the Monticellocase: "Taxes of the kind here dealt with, are, under Art. 15, of our Declaration of Rights, levied not on things, but on theowners of things; and the value of the things owned fixes the measure of the owner's liability to contribute in taxes towards the support of the government. This is an axiom of political economy, no less than a fundamental provision of our organic law.Appeal Tax Court v. Patterson, 50 Md. 366; U.S. Elec. Powerand Light Co. v. State, 79 Md. 63. It cannot therefore be presumed that the Legislature deliberately intended to disregard this principle, and to place the tax on the spirits, and not on the owners of them. `Every person in the State,' says the 15th Art. of the Declaration of Rights, `or person holding property therein, ought to contribute his proportion of public taxes for the support of government according to his actual worth in real and personal property.' It is the individual, then, who is in the State, or who holds propertytherein, that is liable to taxation. He may be out of the State, he may be a non-resident, but if he has property situate here, he is as much bound to contribute to the support of the government according to the value of that property as though he were permanently domiciled within the limits of the commonwealth. The purpose of the Act, obviously, was to raise a revenue from the owners of a class of property which up to the time of its adoption, had not been reckoned in the assessment upon its owners; and the peculiar nature of the property itself, the known difficulty in tracing its ownership, and the ease and facility with which the title to it is transferable, were all vital elements to be considered in devising a scheme for subjecting the persons who owned, had possession of, or controlled these distilled spirits, to the obligation of contributing their just share of the public burden. Though the language employed, like that used in many of the other assessment laws, if read literally would indicate an intention to impose the tax on the property, and not on the owner of it, that is not its meaning when considered in connection with the settled policy of Maryland as announced in the Declaration of Rights, and we hold therefore that the tax is upon the owner of the spirits, and not specifically upon the spirits."

We have reproduced this passage from the opinion in theMonticello case, as a clear, adequate and satisfactory exposition of the correspondence of the statute, in this regard, with the 15th Article of the Declaration of Rights, upon which, after reconsideration of the subject, we feel we can safely repose. In support of this confidence we may appropriately refer to the language of Appeal Tax Coart v. Patterson, supra, in which the Court, quoting from Cooley on Taxation, declares that protection of the government is the consideration for which taxes are paid; that this protection may be either to the rights of person, or to the rights in property, and that taxes may consequently be imposed when either person or property is within the jurisdiction, and that it is competent for any State to provide that tangible personal property situated within it may be taxed there. The Court then proceeded to say: "The 15th Article of our Declaration of Rights is apparently a modification of one of the four maxims with regard to taxation in general, laid down by Adam Smith in The Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. That distinguished author's first maxim is, `The subjects of every State ought to contribute towards the support of government as nearly as possible in proportion to their respective abilities; that is in proportion to the revenue which they respectively enjoy under the protectien of the State.'" The analogy of thought and expression here is marked and throws a clear light upon the meaning of our 15th Article. And so inWard v. Const., 10 B. C. 625, where a tax was payable by all persons "having or holding lands," the words were held to apply to all persons receiving the rents and profits, and so to embrace both lessor and lessee, according to the value of their respective estates or interests in the lands.

The argument of the appellants upon this point as stated in the language of their brief, is, that this Act compels one person to contribute not his proportion, but another person'sproportion of public taxes for the support of government, by requiring him to act as collector. But this statement confoundscontribution and payment and wholly omits the consideration of the lien given the distiller upon the property in his custody, which effectually protects him against the contribution of another's proportion of taxes, while it secures to him the repayment of that which he is required to collect and pay upon the faith of the lien created in his favor. The contribution to public taxes required of every property owner according to his actual worth in real and personal property, necessarily requires uniformity of taxation and though both the standard by which valuation is made, and the rate of tax imposed, be uniform in each class, yet the uniformity required by Art. 15 as a vital element of "just proportion" cannot be attained unless all the tangible property in the State is so valued and assessed, and unless its owner wherever he may be does contribute his proportion according to the value of that property. So far then, from the 15th Article forbidding the tax here sought to be recovered, it imperatively requires that some adequate means be devised for enforcing its payment.

In reference to the objection that the Act in question takes one man's property to pay the debts of another, we said in theMonticello case: "The requirement that the distiller shall pay the tax for the owner is neither unreasonable nor unlawful, because it simply makes him the agent of the State to collect for the State, precisely as a corporation is made an agent to collect from its stockholders the tax due by them on the stock which they hold. The legislation of 1892 with respect to distilled spirits, is, in this particular, identical with the provisions of the Code relating to the tax on shares of stock, and these latter have been upheld by this Court as valid enactments. Casualty Ins.Co.'s case, 82 Md. 564; Amer. Coal Co. v. County Comns.,59 Md. 197."

By sec. 138 of Art. 81, the tax upon shares of stock in home corporations held by non-residents, is to be levied and collected from such corporation, and may be charged to the account of such stockholders, and shall be a lien on the stocks therein held by them respectively until paid; and sec. 141 makes a similar provision as to resident stockholders, except that no lien is given as to them. In 59th Md., supra, the Court said: "The statute having created the duty and obligation to pay, when the shares of stock are assessed to the individual owners, that duty and obligation on the part of the corporation may be enforced by a proper action at law, the plaintiff in such case showing the right claimed to be within the statute." In the Casualty Co.'scase, supra, the decision in 59th Md. was confirmed and reference was made to Nat. Bank v. Kentucky, 9 Wall. 353, in which the Court said: "In the case of shareholders not residing in the State, it is the only mode in which the State can reach their shares for taxation." And JUDGE COOLEY says on page 373 of his work on taxation: "Statutes sometimes provide that tangible personal property shall be assessed wherever in the State it may be, either to the ownerhimself, or to the agent or other person having it in charge;and there is no doubt of the right to do this, whether the owneris resident in the State or not," and numerous cases are cited in support of this statement of the law.

The case of Hartman v. Greenhow, 102 U.S. 684, was much relied on by the appellant to show that the Supreme Court denies this doctrine, but it cannot be properly so regarded. In that case, Hartman was the owner of certain overdue coupons cut from bonds issued by the State of Virginia. The bonds to which said coupons were originally attached were held by a third party, and Hartman tendered to the treasurer of Richmond these coupons in payment of taxes due by him, they being receivable by law for that purpose. The law however forbid the treasurer to receive such coupons in discharge of taxes, without first deducting the taxes due on the bonds to which the coupons were originally attached, and he claimed the right to make such deduction from these coupons. It was determined that the coupons held by Hartman being negotiable when detached from the bonds, and passing by delivery, ceased to be incidents of the bonds, and were distinct contracts imposing separate obligations upon the State, and that the holder of the contract evidenced by the detached coupons, could not be required to pay the taxes levied upon the contract evidenced by the bonds, and held by a stranger. But there is no analogy or similarity between that case, which deals with the rights of a holder of a negotiable instrument, and one in which the agent or custodian of another's tangible property is required to collect and pay the tax upon that specific property in his possession and control, in consideration of a lien thereon created for his protection. The appellants contend further however that there is a great and fundamental distinction to be observed between the relation of the distiller to his vendee, and that of the corporation to its stockholder, in that the distiller has no funds of his vendee in his hands out of which he can pay the tax, whereas, when the corporation pays the tax due from its stockholder, it pays it with money of the stockholders, since every stockholder is an owner of an undivided interest in the property of the company. But this contention will not bear analysis. In New Orleans v. Houston, 119 U.S. 265, where a tax assessed upon the shares of stockholders was required to be paid by the corporation, which was entitled to charge the same to the account of the stockholder, and to collect it from him, the same theory was urged in objection as is here presented, but the Court said: "This payment is to be made irrespective of any dividends or profits payable to the shareholder out of which it could be repaid." And this is obviously true in every such case, since the tax may be payable at any period not coincident with the possession by the corporation of any dividends or profits payable to the stockholder, that is, between the payment of one dividend, and the declaring of another, or at a period when the usual dividends may not be earned, or have been passed, and when therefore there is no fund in the hands of the corporation belonging to the stockholder out of which the tax can be presently repaid; and in such case, even though the stockholder be the owner of an undivided interest in the property of the corporation, such an interest would not provide a fund presently due from the corporation to the stockholder, and applicable to the repayment of the tax; and it would therefore be necessary in the language of sec. 138 of Art. 81 "to charge the same to the account of the stockholder," to be thereafter repaid to the corporation, either by deduction from the next dividend, however remote, or from the next distribution of undivided profits, or from the undivided interest of the stockholder in the general property of the corporation, upon liquidation, or to be recovered by suit as against any other debtor, where no lien is given for repayment.

The confidence of the appellants therefore, that no case can be found in which one person, out of his own money, has been required to pay a tax due from another, does not appear to be justified.

The principle and policy of this legislation is not new in this State and the resistance to it in this case is due, we apprehend, to its application to a species of property of large value which has heretofore escaped taxation. Section 66 of Art. 81 of the Code provides that "the tenant or person holding any leasehold estate, shall pay to the collector the taxes levied upon the demised premises, and shall have his action against the landlord for the sum so paid, or may deduct the same out of the rent reserved, unless otherwise agreed between the lessor and lessee." The alternative remedy given — of deduction from rent or recovery by action, is a distinct recognition of the fact that in such cases the taxes may sometimes be payable when there is no rent due and when therefore the remedy by deduction would not be available. This provision of law has been in force since 1812, when it was made the duty of the tenant holding any leasehold estate "to pay the collector the sum valued for the interest or estate of any landlord," the language having since taken the form now appearing in the Code, and it was before this Court in P.W. B.R.R. v. Appeal Tax Court, 50 Md. 411, where JUDGE ALVEY said: "This provision was intended as a means of facilitating the collection of taxes, there being many cases where the landlord might not be known or might be absent." The principle embodied in the Act of 1892 having thus been upon the statute book, unquestioned, so far as we are advised, for nearly one hundred years; being supported by the unqualified authority of JUDGE COOLEY in his work on taxation, and being impliedly recognized as a valid legal principle in 50th Md., supra, we could not now hesitate to uphold it.

Nor can we regard it as a hardship upon the distiller that he should be required to pay this tax in consideration of the lien given for its repayment. As was said in the Monticello case the purchaser of the warehouse certificate is chargeable with knowledge of what the statute provides, and it is thus made his duty to furnish the distiller with the necessary funds for the payment of this tax when demandable from the distiller. The holder of the certificate has actual knowledge of the quantity of spirits belonging to him in the distiller's hands, and the statute gives him constructive notice of the time when the tax is payable. Upon application to the distiller therefore at the proper time, he can learn the amount of the tax payable by him thereon, and upon his failure to remit to the distiller, the latter may enforce his lien, and it is no legal objection to the validity of the law that the enforcement of the lien may be attended with some delay and that the costs incurred must await the completion of this process. We are not informed how these warehouse certificates are framed, but the distiller may if he see fit, have them so drawn as to impose upon the purchaser by express stipulation, the duty of paying to the distiller at stated periods such amount of money upon each barrel of spirits held by warehouse certificate, as may be deemed adequate to protect the distiller against this tax, and to provide for immediate sale in default of such payment; and it is no answer to this to say that the government tax must also be paid before such sale can be made, since prompt sale will always ensure the immediate reimbursement of both taxes, and will avoid all cost of insurance and risk of leakage urged by the appellants as destructive of all value to the lien given.

Finally, in the case of Commonwealth v. Gaines, 80 Ky. 489, a statute in every respect similar to the Act of 1892, has been declared constitutional and valid. In that case, one of the questions considered by the Court was stated by it in these words: "Was the whiskey rightfully assessed to the appellees, who are not the owners, on the ground alone that they were the possessors of it on January 10th, 1880?;" and in answering this question the Court said: "The relative rights which may exist between the owner and possessor of the whiskey cannot affect the power of the State to authorize its assessment to either of them as the Legislature may deem most prudent and apt to result in securing taxes from them. Indeed, convenience and necessity unite in support of the well-established doctrine that the taxing power may impose taxes upon persons or property, and may adopt remedies for their collection which operate against the person of the owner, or the possessor, or the thing taxed or all of them combined. If this were not the case, non-resident owners, from the proximity of the States, and the commercial rights of all citizens in each, would escape taxation on their movable property produced by our own soil, while it receives the protection of our laws." It has been suggested by the appellants that this decision has no application in this case, because the Constitution of Kentucky does not, as ours does, require that taxes be imposed upon the owner of property and not specifically upon the property itself. But we have already said in the Monticello case, and have here repeated, that we hold this tax to be upon the owner of the spirits and not upon the spirits specifically, and the Kentucky case is directly in point, even if we disregard that part of the opinion which sanctions the imposition of a tax upon either persons or property.

The demurrer to the amended declaration, and the first, second, and third exceptions to the exclusion of evidence raise the question whether the appellants as the possessors or custodians of these spirits can be legally required to collect from the owners and pay to the proper officer, the tax due from the owners. The appellants' second, third and eighth prayers raise the same question at the close of the case, and it follows from what we have said that there was no error in overruling the demurrer, in excluding the testimony offered under the first, second and third exceptions to show that defendants were not the owners of the spirits, nor in the rejection of defendant's second, third, and eighth prayers; and for the same reason there was no error in granting the plaintiff's first prayer which embraces all the facts necessary to a recovery, assuming the law upon which the claim is based to be a valid enactment.

This suit was instituted July 11th, 1901, by Alfred Fowble, then Treasurer and Collector of Baltimore County, and the trial was had on February 5th, 1902. During the course of the trial the plaintiff proved that the term of Fowble had then expired, and that Willie B. Cochran had succeeded him as Treasurer and Collector. Thereupon the Court directed the declaration to be amended by striking out the name of Alfred Fowble, as Treasurer and Collector, and inserting the name of Willie B. Cochran — to which direction the defendant objected, but the Court overruled the objection, and the amendment was made; and this is the ground of the fourth exception.

Ordinarily an entirely new plaintiff cannot be made by amendment, but the local law of Baltimore County creating the office of Treasurer and Collector provides that "in all cases where a Treasurer and Collector has taken steps for the enforcement of the payment of said taxes either by notice, levy, advertisement, or other proceedings and his term of office shall expire before said proceedings are completed, the newly elected and qualified Treasurer and Collector is empowered and required to continue and complete said proceedings in the same manner as is now provided by law, and with all the power and authority had in law by the retired Treasurer and Collector during his term of office for that purpose." Under such a remedial statute every implication is to be made to accomplish its purpose, but in view of the emphatic and comprehensive language used here there is no room for implication, the authority being express. There was no error then in this ruling, nor in the rejection of defendant's first prayer which denied the right to recover because Fowble's term had expired.

The plaintiff's second prayer, and the defendants' fourth and fifth prayers, present opposing theories as to the validity of the levy made for the year 1900, by reason of the failure of the State Tax Commissioner to send to the County Commissioner his return of distilled spirits in defendants' warehouse, until February 28th, 1901.

Revenue statutes are to be construed liberally to carry out the purposes of their enactment; (U.S. v. Hodson, 10 Wall. 395), and if we should hold this levy invalid for the reason assigned, we should by means of strict construction, permit the mere inadvertence of an independent department of government in making a return within due time, to paralyze the taxing power of the State, and we do not think this would be a proper construction under the circumstances of this case.

In Hopkins v. Van Wyck, 80 Md. 15, where the Baltimore City Code provided that the valuation of property as it stood on the assessor's books on the first Monday of March, should be the basis upon which taxes for the ensuing year should be levied, but certain property of Mrs. Van Wyck was not placed on the books until May 12th, two days after levy for that year was made, andin a suit like the present by the Collector to recover taxes upon this particular property, it was held that "it was never designed by this provision to exempt from taxation for a current year the individual who by adroitness or otherwise, succeeded in eluding the vigilance of the assessors, or who by inadvertence was not rated with all his assessable property on the first Monday of March in that particular year." We can perceive no error in granting the plaintiff's second prayer, nor in rejecting the defendant's fourth and fifth prayers.

The evidence of John H. Carstairs, one of the defendants, is that on June 14th, 1901, the tax bill here sued on, July 11th, 1901, was received by defendants, but that "they thought the matter was done with because the law in Baltimore had been declared unconstitutional." The receipt of this bill was notice to them of the assessment, and the Act of 1898, ch. 275, gave a right of appeal therefrom. Had such appeal been taken, and had it resulted in declaring the assessment illegal, or erroneous, such judgment would have been pleadable in this suit and the facts set forth in defendant's sixth prayer could not therefore be a bar to recovery. Fowble v. Kemp, 92 Md. 630.

What we have said in reference to plaintiff's second prayer, and to defendant's fourth and fifth prayers, is applicable to defendant's seventh prayer which was properly rejected.

Finding no error in any of the rulings, the judgment of the Circuit Court for Baltimore County will be affirmed.

Judgment affirmed with cost above and below.

(Decided June 19th, 1902.)

Case Details

Case Name: Carstairs v. Cochran

Court Name: Court of Appeals of Maryland

Date Published: Jun 19, 1902

Citation: 52 A. 601

Court Abbreviation: Md.