(After stating the foregoing facts.) Upon the question of sanity or insanity, which was the sole defense interposed by the accused, there being evidеnce from which the jury could find either for or against the accused on this issue, the trial judge did not err in overruling the motion for new trial upon the genеral grounds.
Error is alleged on the following portion of the charge: “Where the issue of insanity is involved, the burden is on the defendant to show to the reasonable satisfaction of the jury that at the time of the alleged commission of the act charged against him he was insane, or was lаboring under a delusion that deprived him of his will and deprived him of the power to resist. Whether or not that has been done either by evidence from the State or established by evidence from the defendant, or both, is a question to be determined by you, the jury.” It is insisted that the burden placed upоn the accused to establish his insanity “to the reasonable satisfaction of the jury” set a higher degree of proof and placed a greater burden on him than the law required. It is insisted that the court should have charged that the burden to prove insanity could be established by “a prеponderance of the evidence.”
There is some confusion in the previous decisions of this court' as to the proper chаrge of the court to fix the burden of proof
*512
upon a defendant in a criminal case to establish insanity. The trouble has been in determining which of the following phrases defines the proper measure of proof: “To a reasonable certainty.”
Beck
v.
State,
76
Ga.
452 (7);
Polk
v.
State,
148
Ga.
34 (5) (
We shall confine our ruling to the sole question here presented, whether thе court erred in charging the jury that the burden was on the defendant to establish his insanity to the reasonable satisfection of the jury. To establish errоr in so charging, the accused relies upon Polk v. State, 148 Ga. 34, supra, wherein the following charge as to the degree of proof required was stated tо be erroneous, “The burden is on him to make it [his insanity] appear to the satisfaction of the jury, it ought to be made to appear to a reasonable certainty.” While the court in that case said that this charge was erroneous, yet it also stated that the charge was not cause for reversal on account of other portions of the charge containing the law of reasonable doubt. It will be noted *513 also that the charge contained two standards, “satisfaction of the jury” and “reasonable certainty.” This was not a full-bench decision. Subsequently in Currie v. State, 153 Ga. 178 (2) (supra), it was held that the charge, “reasonable certainty and to the reasonable satisfaction of the jury,” was cause for rеversal, basing the decision on the Polk case, but two of the Justices dissented.
We have been unable to find any case in which the court has held that it was error to charge that it was the duty of the defendant to establish insanity to the reasonable satisfaction of the jury, but on the other hand, this identical phrase has been directly passed on and approved in Hobbs v. State, 8 Ga. App. 53 (4), supra; and, though not specifically ruled upon, was re-' ferred to without disapproval in Westmoreland v. State, 45 Ga. 225, 280 (5); Allams v. State, 123 Ga. 500 (1); Lively v. State, 178 Ga. 693, 699 (9); Barker v. State, 188 Ga. 332, 335 (2); Thompson v. State, 191 Ga. 222 (4); all supra.
It is well to notе that the burden placed upon an accused to establish an alibi, is to “the reasonable satisfaction of the jury.” We can see nо reason why the same degree of proof should not be required to establish insanity. As was said in Thompson v. State, 191 Ga. 222, 230 (4), supra, “The trouble has been in choosing betweеn the phrases, ‘to a reasonable certainty’ and ‘to the reasonable satisfaction of the jury.’ Whether or not the two phrases really mean the same thing (see dissenting opinion in Currie v. State, supra), it must be conceded that the latter is somewhat clearer, and therefore it is to be commended as the better form of charge.”
It is insisted that the court erred in charging the jury as follows: “Now then, if you decide that this man was under a dеlusion of some kind, that particular delusion has got to relate and be connected with his act, has got to be related to and connected with his act before he would be excusable for taking the life of a fellow creature, and if it was not connected, even though hе had a delusion of some kind, that would not apply. If it was connected and you believe that he had a delusion and it was actually connеcted with the criminal act, then, gentlemen of the jury, that would be a question for you to decide.” The error alleged to have been cоmmitted was that by the use of the *514 phrase, “connected with the criminal act,” the charge assumed that the homicide was a criminal act аnd that a crime had been committed.
By the plea of not guilty the accused put in issue all the material allegations in the indictment, including the fact of the homicide and also his mental ability to form the intent to commit a crime. If the charge be construed as an expression of оpinion by the trial judge that the homicide was in fact a crime, it would be error. Code, § 81-1104;
Minor
v.
State,
58
Ga.
551 (3);
Phillips
v.
State,
131
Ga.
426 (
Other grounds of the amended motion, not covered by the rulings here made, have been examined and present no question that would require the grant of a new trial.
Judgment affirmed.