Carpenter v. State

5 Miss. 163 | Miss. | 1839

Mr. Justice Smith

delivered the opinion of the court.

At the August term,' in the year A. D. 1838, in the circuit court of Hancock county, Samuel A. Carpenter was indicted, tried and convicted of the crime of perjury; and having received sentence, has by writ of error removed his cause into this court, and asks a reversal of the judgment against him, for several errors and irregularities alleged to exist in the record of the proceedings, and judgment in the court below.

It appears by the record, that the issue in the cause was submitted to eleven persons, who were empannelled and sworn as a jury; and that as such they found the prisoner guilty of the of-fence charged in the indictment.

In all prosecutions by indictment or information, the accused is entitled to “a speedy public trial by an impartial jury of his country.” This right, justly regarded as the palladium of the personal liberties of the citizen, is guarantied by .the fundamental law of the land, and is placed by express provision beyond the control of legislative authority. But neither by the Federal constitution, nor by that of our own state, have the qualifications of a juror been defined; or the number necessary to constitute “a jury,”' been fixed.

It is a general rule that, where terms used in the common law are contained in a statute or the constitution, without an explanation of the sense in which they are there employed, should receive that construction which has been affixed to them by the 'former. To ascertain then in what the right of trial by jury con- ' sists, we must necessarily recur to the provisions of the common ' law defining the qualifications, and ascertaining the number of which the jury shall consist; as the standard to which, doubtless, the framers of our constitution referred. At common law the number of the jury, for the trial of all issues involving the personal rights and liberties of the subject, could never be less than twelve; though there are some precedents which show that a verdict by a greater number would not on that account be void. The legislation of the state has left this particular topic untouched. It has in no instance prescribed the number of the jury, if it were at all important for it to. have done so: but in all cases where the term “jury” is used in our statutes, it is regarded as one of fixed and determined meaning, ascertained by the paramount law. Our courts have also proceeded on the assumption that, the constituents of the jury, at least so far as the number is involved, have been ■fixed by the constitution, as they existed at common law, at the time of its adoption. See Byrd’s case, 1 Howard, 177.

The finding in the case before us, therefore, cannot be considered as the verdict of a jury, upon which the court was warranted in pronouncing judgment. For this cause the judgment of the circuit court should be reversed and a new trial awarded; but it is insisted that other objections exist, which strike at the foundation of the indictment, and require not only a reversal of the judgment, but also a discharge of the prisoner.

These objections apply to the caption of the indictment, as well as to the subject matter charged. We do not deem it important to notice all of them in detail, but shall confine our examination to some of the most obvious.

1. It is insisted that the caption does not show a place at which the court was holden, the indictment found, or the prisoner tried.

To test the validity of this exception, we must refer to the caption as it is presented in the record. It is set out in the following words, to wit: “The State of Mississippi v. Samuel A. Carpenter: Pleas in the circuit court of Hancock county: B. Harris, judge, presiding, the term of August in the year of our Lord one thous- and eight hundred and thirty-eight. Be it remembered that on the second day of the present term, being the 30th day of August A. D. 1838, the grand jury of the state of Mississippi being duly empannelled, sworn, and charged; to wit: (Asa Russ foreman,) Antoine Field, &c. came into court and presented the following indictment, to wit.”

The fact that the court was holden for the county of Hancock, is stated with sufficient certainty, and also that it was held at the time appointed by law; but does this statement in the caption necessarily include the additional fact, that it was holden at the place in the county.designated by the statute? It is not directly expressed, and no presumption can be indulged which contradicts the record; nor are we warranted in the assumption of any fact which is not necessarily included in that which is expressed. In the case of Woodsides v. The State, the record showed that one of the grand jurors was sworn as foreman; and it was considered tantamount to a direct statement, that he had been appointed as such by the court; as he could not have been sworn in that capacity without having been appointed. Here the court may have been holden in Hancock county, and yet it be true that it was not held at the courthouse. If the court was holden at any other place in the county, other than that designated bylaw, it is obvious that it could rightfully have exercised no jurisdiction in the cause, and therefore requires no argument to show that all of its proceedings were irregular. It is clear from authority that it should appear not only that the court was holden for the proper county, but that it was also holden at the proper place within the county. To show this fact is part of the appropriate office of the caption. See Chit. Crim. Law, vol. 1. ch. 7. p. 327; 2 Haw. Pl. C. ch. 25, sec. 128; and 2 Hall, p. 166. This omission therefore, in. the caption to state the place where the court was holden, and the indictment found, must be considered as a valid objection.

The omission of any material statement in the record or caption, cannot be supplied by the recital in the indictment, which becomes no part of the record until it is returned into court in the manner prescribed by law. The record in the case now under investigation does not directly state that the grand jurors who returned the bill of indictment into court, were the grand jurors of the county where the court was holden; and this is the ground of the second objection which we deem it necessary to notice.

The grand jurors for any county, duly selected and empannelled according to the directions of the law, may with strict legal propriety, be termed the grand jurors of the state; as it is on behalf of the state and by its authority, that they are required to discharge the functions assigned to them. JBut it is objected that the record which describes the grand jury who returned the bill into court, as the “ grand jurors of the state of Mississippi, duly empannelled, charged and sworn,” does not show by that description that they were selected from the proper county.

No man can be held to answer for any criminal violation of the law, unless he shall be first charged by a grand jury of the county where the offence may have been committed. This fact must be shown by the caption of the indictment, or it will be presumed that the court has proceeded without authority. The forms of proceeding in prosecutions for public offences, are designed to protect the life and liberty of the citizen, and are justly regarded as a valuable appendage to the right of trial by jury. Objections of a merely technical character may sometimes impede, instead of advancing the cause of justice; and although courts of justice have very properly manifested a disposition to relax the rigor of ancient forms, where no injury could result to the accused, yet there must be some limit beyond which judicial innovations should not he permitted to advance. Upon the principle of this relaxation, this court in Byrd’s case, and subsequently in that of Woodsides, where the record showed that the grand jury were “sworn in and for the body of the county,” held that it was equivalent to a statement that they were the grand jurors of the proper county. But it appears to me that it would be extending this principle too far to hold that the description of the grand jury in the record before us necessarily evinces the fact, that they were selected from the county where the prisoner was charged with the offence.

The other objection which we shall notice is in effect this, that the act charged does not amount in law to the crime of wilful and corrupt perjury.

The argument in support of this exception proceeded on the ground, that the affidavit of the prisoner set out in the indictment, charged no particular individual with the commission of an of-fence, and that therefore, although the affidavit may have been false, it did not constitute an act of perjury.

It is not denied that the magistrate before whom the affidavit was sworn to, was legally authorised to administer the oath. The affidavit charges unequivocally, that a felony had been committed by some person, and was made for the purpose of obtaining a search warrant, for the discovery of the property alleged in it to have been stolen. We cannot perceive that it makes the slightest difference, that no particular person was averred to have committed the felony. We therefore think that this objection is untenable; but for the errors before noticed we are bound to reverse the judgment of the circuit court, and order the prisoner to be discharged.