119 Va. 416 | Va. | 1916
delivered the opinion of the court.
This action was brought by the plaintiff, Elkanah Hill, against Carolina, Clinchfield and Ohio Railway
It appears that the plaintiff owned a farm in Dickenson county, on the bank of Russell Fork river, a non-navigable stream, where he had resided for many years, containing one hundred and three acres, upon which he had a mill which had for many years done the grinding for the people of the mountainous section in which it was located. In 1912 the defendants commenced the construction of a railroad down Russell Fork river on the opposite bank from the plaintiff, which resulted in the injuries to the plaintiff which are herein complained of..
The evidence tends to sustain the following allegations of the declaration: That the defendants, while constructing the railroad along Russell Fork river opposite the plaintiff’s land, by blasting, excavating, and the careless use of explosives, hurled rocks, dirt, stumps, trees and other material upon his land, destroying his vegetation, timber, brush, shrubbery, grass and orchards; tore down and destroyed his fences, walls and barns, damaged his fields, bottom lands, mill dam and water power, filled up his mill dam, choked his water wheel, mill race, mill appendages, and destroyed his mill site. The declaration further alleges that in constructing the railroad down the right bank, said embankment was so carelessly constructed out of loose material and so impinged upon the bed of the river that it diverted rain water, natural floods and freshets towards the left bank, so that a portion of plaintiff’s bottom land was washed away and the loose material, gravel and stones from the embankment and banks and bottom land were washed in around the mill, and below the water fall, so as to fill up the
The trial resulted in a verdict and judgment in favor of the plaintiff for $2,000, which we are asked to review. •
The objections taken to the action of the court in giving, refusing and modifying instructions all involve the contention of defendants, that the splashes of the Yellow Poplar Lumber Company largely contributed to the damage sustained by the plaintiff, and that there could be no recovery in this action for that part of the damage properly chargeable to the Yellow Poplar Lumber Company; that where there are several concurrent causes • due to independent authors, neither being sufficient to produce the entire loss, then each of the several parties concerned is liable only for the injuries due to his negligence.
In support of this contention the defendants rely upon the case of Pulaski Coal Co. v. Gibboney Sand Bar Co., 110 Va. 444, 66 S. E. 73, 24 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1185. In the case cited the plaintiff owned a bar of valuable marketable sand and gravel, and a number of independent mine owners, each engaged in operating
In the case at bar the facts are wholly different from those in the case cited and relied on by the defendants. There is here no question of the pollution of the stream, and the doctrine in such cases is not applicable to the facts involved in the case under consideration. It does not satisfactorily appear from the evidence what, if any, part the Yellow Poplar Lumber Company had in bringing- about the injuries sustained by the plaintiff. *If the lumber company caused any part of the damage, it is manifest from the evidence that it would be impossible to separate the effects and ascertain what part of the injury was attributable to its negligence. It is further clear from the evidence in the present case that the acts of the defendants alone were sufficient to have produced the entire damage complained of. Under the circumstances • disclosed by the record, it is immaterial how many others may have been in fault, if the defendant’s act was an efficient cause of the injury.
In Carlton v. Boudar, 118 Va. 521, 88 S. E. 174, quoting from Shear & Red. on Neg., sec. 31, it is said: “If the injuries caused by the concurrent acts of two persons are plainly separable, so that the damages caused by each can be distinguished, each would be liable only for the damages which he caused; but if this is not the ease, all persons who contribute to the injury by‘their negligence are liable jointly and severally for the whole damage.”
In Jeremy Imp. Co. v. Com’th, 106 Va. 482, 56 S. E. 224, it is said: “It is no defense, however, that the nuisance complained of is contributed to by the acts of others over whom the defendant has no control, if there should be a nuisance without such contribution.”
In Walton, Witten & Graham v. Miller, 109 Va. 210, 63 S. E. 458, 132 Am. St. Rep. 908, it is said: “The weight of authority will, we think, support the more general proposition, that when the negligence of two or more persons concurs in producing a single indivisible injury, then such persons are jointly and severally liable, although there was no common duty, common design or concert of action.”
In Arminius Chemical Co. v. Landrum, 113 Va. 7, 73 S. E. 459, 38 L. R. A. (N. S.) 272, Ann. Cas. 1913 D, 1075, Judge Buchanan, in commenting upon an instruction, says: “It seems to have been based upon the principle announced in Grand Trunk Co. v. Cummings, 106 U. S. 700, 1 Sup. Ct. 493, 27 L. Ed. 266, in which
In 21 Am. & Eng. Enc. of Law 495, it is said: “To show that other causes concurred in producing, or contributed to the result is no defense to an action for negligence. There is indeed no rule better settled in the present connection, than that the defendant’s negligence, in order to render him liable, need not be the sole cause of the plaintiff’s injuries.” Idem 496. It is further said: “Where the negligence of two or more persons acting independently, concurrently results in an injury to a third, the latter may maintain his action for the entire loss against any one or all of the negligent parties, it not being essential to the maintenance of a joint action against several for negligence that they should be engaged in a common enterprise or sustain any relation whatever between themselves.”
We are of opinion that, under the evidence of record, and in the light of the authorities cited, the plaintiff had the right to sue for and recover from the defendants alone, the entire damages sustained by him, and, therefore, the action of the circuit court in giving, refusing and modifying instructions was without prejudice to their rights.
The defendants further contend that the verdict was excessive and should be set aside for that reason. This was peculiarly a case for a jury to deal with the subject of the quantum of damages. The injuries
For these reasons the judgment complained of must be affirmed.
Affirmed.