Carol Wilkerson sued Grinnell Corporation, asserting, inter alia, claims under Title VII. The district court granted summary judgment on her Title VII claims because she failed to file a timely charge of discrimination and harassment with the EEOC. Since we conclude that Wilkerson filed a timely EEOC charge, we vacate the *1316 district court’s grant of summary judgment on the Title VII claims and remand the case.
I. BACKGROUND
The essential facts relevant to this appeal are undisputed. Wilkerson is a black female who began working for Grinnell in July 1995. (R.-17 at 1.) On August 19, 1997, Grinnell terminated her employment. Wilkerson immediately contacted the EEOC and explained her situation. (R-18 at 132-33.) The EEOC sent her an “Employment Discrimination Complaint Questionnaire,” and she answered and returned it. (R.-18 at 133.) The EEOC received this intake questionnaire on August 23,1997. (R.-18-Ex.lO at 1.)
In her responses to the intake questions, Wilkerson alleged race and sex discrimination by Grinnell. (R.-18-Ex. 10 at 1-2.) She included her full name, address, and telephone number, as well as the name and address of Grinnell. (R.-18-Ex. 10 at 1). She listed the names of two employees involved in the alleged discrimination. (R.-18-Ex. 10 at 1.) Wilkerson attached to the questionnaire a seven-page narrative detailing specific instances of discrimination and harassment and naming the particular individuals involved in each instance. (R.-18-Ex. 10 at 5-12.) She also named nine individuals who had direct knowledge of these alleged acts. (R.-18Ex. 10 at 4 & 13.) On the third page of the form, Wilkerson signed her name under the following italicized statement: “I swear or affirm under penalty of perjury that the 'provided information is truthful and correct to the best of my knowledge.” (R.-18-Ex. 10 at 4.)
By September, the EEOC had not contacted Wilkerson, so she called the EEOC. (R.-18 at 139.) Wilkersoris EEOC contact said that there were a lot of people ahead of Wilkerson and that the EEOC takes people as they come. (R.-18 at 139.) Wilkerson confirmed that her EEOC contact knew the date of her discharge, and she awaited her turn. (R.-18 at 139.)
In June 1998, Wilkerson called the EEOC again and spoke with Marvin Frazier. (R.-18 at 139.) Frazier told her that the EEOC had mailed further questions to her in October 1997. (R.-18 at 139.) Wilkerson responded that she had not received the questions. (R.-18 at 139.) At the end of the conversation, Frazier told Wilkerson that the EEOC would proceed on the basis of her questionnaire. (R.-18 at 139.) The EEOC then issued a Notice of Charge of Discrimination to Grinnell on June 24, 1998. (R.-18-Ex. 18.) This Notice informed Denny Young, the Human Resource Manager at Grinnell, of Wilkerson’s allegations that “she was discharged from her employment, disciplined and intimidated in her employment because of her race, Black and sex, female.” (R.-18Ex.18.)
After further review of Wilkerson’s file, the EEOC dismissed Wilkerson’s charge as untimely and issued a notice of right to sue in April 1999. (R.-18-Ex. 19.) Wilkerson, on the advice of an attorney, visited the EEOC in person. (R.-18 at 140.) She spoke with Lynn Jordan, who again reviewed Wilkerson’s file and determined that her intake questionnaire constituted a timely charge. (R.-18 at 145.) On July 2, 1999, Jordan revoked the prior notice of right to sue, which had found the charge untimely. (R.-18-Ex. 20.) Wilkerson then requested a right to sue letter (R.-18 at 145-46), and the letter was issued on July 8, 1999. (R.-18-Ex. 21.) Wilkerson filed her complaint, pro se, on August 11. (R.-l.)
II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY
The district court adopted the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation, which concluded that Grinnell was due *1317 summary judgment because Wilkerson’s intake questionnaire was unverified and, accordingly, could not constitute a charge under 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(b). (R.-24 at 6.)
III.ISSUES ON APPEAL
Wilkerson contends that the district court committed reversible error by determining that her intake questionnaire was unverified. Grinnell does not dispute that Wilkerson’s charge was in fact verified. Instead, Grinnell urges us to affirm the district court on an alternative ground, namely that Wilkerson’s intake questionnaire, even if verified, did not constitute a timely charge under Title VII. We will consider, then, whether Wilkerson’s intake questionnaire constituted a timely charge in the circumstances of this case.
IV.STANDARD OF REVIEW
This court reviews a grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same familiar standards as the district court.
See Witter v. Delta Air Lines, Inc.,
V.DISCUSSION
Before a potential plaintiff may sue for discrimination under Title VII, she must first exhaust her administrative remedies.
See Crawford v. Babbitt,
Besides being timely, charges of discrimination “shall be in writing under oath or affirmation and shall contain such information and be in such form as the [EEOC] requires.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(b) (1994);
Pijnenburg v. West Ga. Health Sys., Inc.,
At the end of her intake questionnaire, Wilkerson signed the following statement: “I swear or affirm under penalty of perjury that the provided information is truthful and correct to the best of my knowledge.” (R.-18-Ex. 10 at 4.) This declaration plainly satisfies the verification requirements of Title VII and EEOC regulations. The district court’s determination to the contrary is in error.
However, Grinnell asserts that we may affirm the district court on alternative grounds. Indeed, when the district court’s
reasoning
is in error, we may still consider whether the district court’s
judgment
is correct.
See Solitron Devices, Inc. v. Honeywell, Inc.,
To resolve this dispute, we must begin, of course, with Title VII itself. Title VII mandates only that a charge be verified and in writing.
See
42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(b) (1994). In addition to these statutory requirements, Title VII grants the EEOC broad discretion to determine in what form a charge must come and what information it must contain.
See
42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(b) (1994);
Clark v. Coats & Clark, Inc.,
EEOC regulations do distinguish between charges and intake questionnaires, but the distinction is not as sharp as Grin-nell contends. Section 1601.6 states only that the EEOC “shall receive information concerning alleged violations.” 29 C.F.R. § 1601.6(a) (2000). “Where the information discloses that a person is entitled to file a charge,” the EEOC may assist in the filing of the charge. Id. In practice, the EEOC uses intake questionnaires to receive information. But the regulations do not speak of intake questionnaires and do not state that intake questionnaires may never constitute charges.
EEOC regulations do establish charge requirements, however. According to the regulations, charges “should contain” certain information. 29 C.F.R. § 1601.12(a) (2000)
1
However, even if a charge does not contain the suggested information, the EEOC will deem a charge minimally sufficient when it receives from the charging party “a written statement sufficiently precise to identify the parties, and to describe generally the action or practices complained of.” 29 C.F.R. § 1601.12(b) (2000). Furthermore, a charge may be amended to cure technical defects, to clarify or amplify allegations, or to allege additional unlawful acts.
See id.
The requirements for a charge are, indeed, “very minimal.”
EEOC v. Mississippi Coll.,
Once a sufficient charge is filed, Title VII provides that notice of the charge “shall be served” within ten days on the person against whom the charge is made. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)(l) (1994). The EEOC assumes the burden of service in its regulations. See 29 C.F.R. § 1601.14(a) (2000). But because EEOC regulations and practices do not adequately distinguish between intake questionnaires and charges, the EEOC often has difficulty discharging this burden.
Such is the ease here. The information that Wilkerson provided in her intake questionnaire was more than “minimally
*1319
sufficient.”
Gunnell v. Utah Valley State Coll.,
In
Pijnenburg,
we held that “an intake questionnaire does not constitute a valid charge under Title VII for purposes of the statute of limitations.”
Pijnenburg,
We are not the first court to confront an issue of this kind. The United States Courts of Appeals for the Third, Fourth, Fifth, Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth Circuits have all considered whether an intake questionnaire that meets the requirements of a charge can serve as a charge. Among these circuits, there is a variety of approaches.
See Waiters v. Robert Bosch Corp.,
The Third, Seventh, and Eighth Circuits have coalesced around a single approach to determining whether a complaint to the EEOC may serve as a charge. The Third Circuit initiated this approach in a case involving the Age Discrimination in Employment Act: “In order to' constitute a charge that satisfies the requirement of section 626(d), notice to the EEOC must be of a kind that would convince a reasonable person that the grievant has manifested an intent to activate the Act’s machinery.”
Bihler v. Singer Co.,
The manifest-intent approach of the Third, Seventh, and Eighth Circuits comports with our precedent. In
Pijnenburg,
we noted that a charge served two significant functions: notice to the employer and initiation of an EEOC investigation.
See Pijnenburg,
To determine whether the intake questionnaire in this case can function as a charge, we must ask the following question: Would the circumstances of this case convince a reasonable person that Wilkerson manifested her intent to activate the machinery of Title VII by lodging her intake questionnaire with the EEOC?
See Diez,
The circumstances of this case would convince a reasonable person that Wilkerson manifested her intent to activate the administrative machinery. When Wilkerson first contacted the EEOC, she explained her situation to an EEOC employee. The employee then mailed the questionnaire to Wilkerson, and Wilkerson returned it almost immediately. A few weeks later, Wilkerson contacted the EEOC, and the same employee told Wilkerson that she would have to wait her turn because there were people in front of her. The EEOC employee was aware of Wilkerson’s discharge date, so Wilkerson could have easily assumed that the EEOC would protect her interests.
Additionally, the questionnaire form itself indicated that it could be a charge. On the first page of the questionnaire, the fifth instruction reads as follows: “A charge of employment discrimination must be filed with the EEOC within 180 days of the date of the alleged discriminatory action taken against you.” (R.-18-Ex. 10 at 1.) Even a careful reader could interpret this charge deadline to refer to the filing of the questionnaire.
The first page also includes a space for the filing party’s social security number that is labeled “SOCIAL SECURITY NO:*.'” (R.-18-Ex. 10 at 1.) The asterisk leads to the Privacy Act Statement on the third page. (R.-18-Ex. 10 at 4.) This statement says that the “EEOC will use your social security number to distinguish you and your charge information from anyone else who might have a similar or identical name.” (R.-18-Ex. 10 at 4.) It also states that “[flurnishing your social security number is voluntary. Your charge will be processed whether or not you furnish the information.” (R.-18-Ex. 10 at 4.) In other words, if the filing party provides her social security number in the available space, the EEOC will use it for identification purposes; if not, the EEOC will process the charge anyway. This series of statements indicates that the questionnaire is either a charge or initiates the charging process.
The last page of the document also indicates that the questionnaire is a charge. This page is labeled “EEOC/Savannah Local Office” followed by “Charge Receipt/Technical Information.” (R.-18-Ex. 10 at 4.) This document label implies that the questionnaire is a charge. The last page also includes a place for the filing party to verify the document under penal *1321 ty of perjury. Such verification indicates to the filing party that the information must be accurate because it is legally significant. When all of these indications are taken together, a filing party could easily construe the questionnaire as a charge. Moreover, the questionnaire itself does not say that it is merely a questionnaire and not a charge.
Grinnell argues, though, that a letter attached to the questionnaire notifies the filing party that the intake questionnaire is not a charge. 2 This attached letter is entitled ‘YOU MAY FILE A CHARGE.” (R.-18-Ex. 10 at 3.) It describes how the EEOC investigates allegations of discrimination. (R.-18-Ex. 10 at 3.) It concludes by stating that, even if the EEOC does not wish to pursue the allegations, “YOU MAY STILL FILE A CHARGE WITH US.” (R.-18-Ex. 10 at 3.) While Wilkerson signed that she read and understood this letter (R.-18-Ex. 10 at 3.), it is unclear precisely what she could have understood by reading it. The letter never says that the questionnaire is not a charge, and it might easily be read to the contrary.
On the other hand, the EEOC’s responses to Wilkerson’s completed questionnaire were inconsistent. The EEOC first failed to respond at all. Eventually, after some prodding by Wilkerson, the EEOC decided to treat the questionnaire as a charge and issued belated notice of the charge to Grin-nell. In any event, while the EEOC’s treatment of the questionnaire is relevant, it is not necessarily conclusive.
See Downes v. Volkswagen of Am,., Inc.,
In sum, we hold that a verified intake questionnaire that includes the basic information suggested by 29 C.F.R. § 1601.12(a) may constitute a charge for purposes of the Title YII statute of limitations when the circumstances of the case would convince a reasonable person that the charging party manifested her intent to activate the administrative process by filing the intake questionnaire with the EEOC. The circumstances of this case, including Wilkerson’s conversations with the EEOC, the misleading indications of the intake questionnaire form, and the EEOC’s ultimate response, show that Wilkerson manifested such an intent by submitting her verified intake questionnaire to the EEOC. Accordingly, Wilkerson’s intake questionnaire satisfied the charge requirement of Title VII’s statute of limitations.
*1322 Wilkerson filed her charge by August 23,1997, three days after the last allegedly discriminatory incident and well within the 180 day period prescribed by Title VII. Since the EEOC was unable to secure adequate relief for Wilkerson’s grievance within the statutory period, Wilkerson’s right to sue letter was valid, and the district court improperly granted summary judgment on this ground.
VI. CONCLUSION
Wilkerson filed a timely charge of discrimination with the EEOC, and the district court’s contrary determination was in error. We decline to consider whether summary judgment is otherwise appropriate on Wilkerson’s Title VII claim. 4 Therefore, we vacate summary judgment and remand the case so the district court may consider in the first instance whether summary judgment is otherwise appropriate.
Wilkerson also included in her complaint a claim of intentional race discrimination under 42 U.S.C. § 1981. She contends that summary judgment was improperly granted on this claim. However, since Wilkerson did not raise this issue until her supplemental reply brief, we deem it abandoned, and the district court’s grant of summary judgment on this claim is consequently affirmed.
See McGinnis v. Ingram Equip. Co.,
AFFIRMED IN PART; VACATED AND REMANDED IN PART.
*1323 APPENDIX A
[[Image here]]
U.S. EQUAL EMPLOYMENT. OPPORTUNITY COMMISSION Savannah Local Office
-110 Kan Btod, SttfK O
Sananab, CA SMOS-iszi
PH¡ (?12) 632*1234
TOD: (912) 6S2-Í439
6iz-,2/a
1-800-669-4000
YOP MAY FILE A CHARGE
Yon have cone, to the EEOC to seek help concerning discrimination in employment. The EEOC investigates problems in employment which you believe are because olyour race, sex, religion, national origin, color, age, or • disability, or because you believe you are not receiving equal pay for equal work, -we will ask you many questions about dates, the size of the organization with which you had trouble and other matters. What you-tell us is important.
First, we will have to establish whether we believe that the law permits'-us to work on your problem; that Is, wc must try to find out whether we have jurisdiction under the law. Second, we must determine which of your facts will'be useful in our investigation.
If what you tell us leads, us to believe that we; cannot help you because we do not have jurisdiction, * we will explain that to you and tell you why. If what you tell ■ us leads us to believe that there is practically no chance we will be able to help you or that it is unlikely the organization which you wish to charge has violated the law, we will explain that to you and tell you why.
HOWEVER, even if based on what you tell us, we advise that we do not believe we have jurisdiction or it appears unlike&y we can help you or that the organization probably has not violated the law, YOU MAY STILL FILE A CHARGE WITH US. it .is YOUR decision to make. it is possible that if you1 file a charge (s), it will be dismissed because we do not have the jurisdiction or because the Commission (EEOC) determines the law has not been violated.
I have read (or have had read to me) and understand the above information.
DATE
Notes
.EEOC regulations suggest that the following information should be included in a charge:
1. The full name, address and telephone number of the person making the charge ...;
2. The full name and address of the person against whom the charge is made, if known ...;
3. A clear and concise statement of the facts, including pertinent dates, constituting the alleged unlawful employment practices ...;
4. If known, the approximate number of employees of the respondent employer or the approximate number of members of the respondent labor organization, as the case may be; and
5.A statement disclosing whether proceedings involving the alleged unlawful employment practice have been commenced before a State or local agency charged with the enforcement of fair employment practice laws and, if so, the date of such commencement and the name of the agency.
29 C.F.R. § 1601.12(a) (2000).
. A copy of this letter is attached to this opinion as Appendix A.
. We note that these cases arise in both the Title VII context and the ADEA context. Since the charge requirements are similar under both statutes, we generally look to both types of cases to resolve charge issues. See Hipp v. Liberty Nat'l Life Ins. Co., 252 F.3d 1208, 1221 n. 10 (11th Cir.2001). Nevertheless, the charge requirements do differ in some respects, particularly regarding the verification and writing requirements. Where the statutes differ, of course, we must treat them differently.
. Grinnell advances other alternative grounds for affirmance, including judicial estoppel, failure to establish a prima facie case, failure to show pretext, and failure to raise certain claims. We do not reach these issues today, preferring that the district court address them in the first instance.
See Bufman Org. v. FDIC,