193 Mo. 335 | Mo. | 1906
— This is a suit in equity in which plaintiff seeks to subject certain real estate belonging to minors to the payment of money loaned by the plaintiff to the curator of the minors for the purpose of paying off a pre-existing encumbrance on the property.
The main facts in the case are these:
The property in question is a dwelling house and lot in St. Louis. Cornelius K. Garrison bought the property in 1893 and resided in it as his home until his death in 1895. He left a widow, Mary B. Garrison, and three minor children, who, together with Daniel E. Garrison, the duly appointed curator of the children, are the defendants in this suit.
When Cornelius K. Garrison bought this property it was encumbered with a debt of $5,200' principal, secured by deed of trust, the payment of which he assumed, but which he left unpaid at his death.
In March, 1899, there was due on this debt the whole of the principal and $182 of interest, and the creditor was demanding payment; besides this, there was .due the State and city, for taxes, the sum of $742.22, -a portion of which was required to be paid at once to avoid suit. There was no personal property available to the curator for the payment of these encumbrances, and he feared that the real estate of his wards would be sacrificed in the threatened foreclosure sales. Thereupon, he petitioned the probate court, stating these facts, and praying to be authorized to borrow $5,500 with which to pay these encumbrances and to secure the
The plaintiff was represented in the transaction by a real estate agent. The curator said to the agent that he desired to conduct the business with as little expense as possible and therefore preferred to have the old deed of trust and notes transferred to the lender, but the agent said that Ms clients preferred to take new papers and accordingly when the negotiations were ended and agreement reached, the agent received from his client the $5,500, and with it went to the bank where the old notes were, paid them, had the old deed of trust satisfied on the record, and presented to the curator an account of the expenditures, one item of which was $5,474.50 paid to the bank on the old notes and deed of trust besides $0:70 paid for releasing the old deed on record, expense of executing new deed of trust, the agent’s own commissions and other items, the aggregate of all which exhausted the $5,500, and showed a balance of $62.74 as due the real estate agent, which balance Mr. Garrison, the curator, paid with his individual check. Mr. Garrison also paid the accumulated taxes. The old notes and deed of trust, after being can-celled and entered as satisfied on the record, were delivered to the curator. The new deed of trust was duly recorded. A title examiner gave the certificate of title on which this transaction was based and which was delivered by the real estate agent to the plaintiff (or to her son who acted for her), along with the new deed of trust. In this certificate, referring to this new deed of
The interest notes on this loan were paid as they matured except the last one due when the principal fell due three years after date. At that time the curator was unable to renew the note or obtain a new loan, no lender could he found who would take a curator’s deed and the curator having no means of his wards with which to pay the debt this suit resulted.
The prayer of the petition is, first, that the deed of trust be decreed to he a valid lien and that it he foreclosed as a mortgage; second, if that cannot be done, then that an account he taken to show the amount of plaintiff’s money that was used to pay off the former encumbrances, that the entry of satisfaction of the old deed of trust he set aside and the plaintiff subrogated to the rights of that creditor; third, if that cannot be done, then that the debt due plaintiff he decreed to he an equitable lien on the property in question and a foreclosure accordingly. The trial court took the last-named theory as the correct one, declared plaintiff’s claim an equitable lien on the property, and decreed a foreclosure.. From that judgment the minors appeal.
Subrogation is a doctrine of equity jurisprudence. “It does not depend on privity or contract, express or implied, except in so far as the known equity may be supposed to be imported into the transaction and thus raise a contract by implication.” [27 Am. and Eng. Ency. Law (2 Ed.), 203.] It is a consequence which equity jurisprudence attaches to certain conditions. The parties may not have contracted for it either expressly or by legal implication, hut if, in the performance of that contract which they did make, certain conditions have resulted which make it necessary for equity to interpose its authority in this respect it will do so, provided that in so doing it will violate no law and not alter
Whilst the right of subrogation as understood in equity jurisprudence is not the direct legal effect of a contract, yet parties may by express contract accomplish the same practical result; for example, you may agree with a mortgagor to purchase and hold, on agreed terms, his outstanding mortgage obligation and when you have made the purchase you stand as to the security in the shoes of the original mortgagee, but that is the direct legal consequence of your purchase, it is not the equitable subrogation that we are now discussing. Whilst the right of subrogation, as imported into the transaction by equity jurisprudence, does not flow as a direct legal consequence from a contract expressed or legally implied, yet to this extent it is dependent on the contract, that is, it grows out of conditions resulting from the due observance of the contract and it must not be inconsistent with the terms of the contract.
As the law-writer above quoted, in effect, says, subrogation is to this extent implied, that is, we will presume that the parties making the contract knew of-this equity principle and contracted in reference to it, so if the contract will bear the importation and the conditions demand it, subrogation will be imported into it. The contract may be silent on the subject, yet its terms may leave it open to the introduction of this equitable principle and in such case the principle may be applied. But the terms of the contract and the conditions arising from its performance may be such as to show that the parties did not intend that subrogation should result and in such case it will not result. Equity will not engraft this doctrine on the transaction in the
The usual application of this principle occurs where a person at the request of the debtor pays the mortgage debt, or where one interested in the property pays an incumbrance to protect his own interest, or where he stands in the relation of surety to .the debt. [Evans v. Halleck, 83 Mo. 376; Norton v. Highleyman, 88 Mo. 621; Bunn v. Lindsay, 95 Mo. 258; 27 Am. and Eng. Ency. Law (2 Ed.), 203.]
The text last cited concludes the sentence with these words: “or wherever a denial of the right would be contrary to equity and good conscience.” That of course is understood to mean equity as prescribed and
The doctrine of subrogation has frequently been considered by this court. In the case last referred to, Valle v. Fleming, 29 Mo. 152, it was held that a. purchaser of land at an administrator’s sale who failed to get a title because of irregularity in the proceeding, but who had paid the purchase money and the administrator had applied it to the discharge of a pre-existing mortgage, was, as against the heir, entitled to be subrogated to the rights of the mortgagee. In that case the purpose for which the sale was ordered by the probate court was one for which the law authorized such sale to be made, that is, to pay debts, and the reason the administrator’s deed was void was that he had not given the notice that the statute required. The court held that it would be inequitable to allow the heirs to repudiate the deed for irregularity in the proceeding yet retain the advantage of a discharge of the mortgage by use of the plaintiff’s money. The difference between that case and this is, ■ that the administrator’s sale was for a purpose for which the law authorized a sale and the only reason the salé was not valid was irregularities in the proceeding, whereas in this case the proceedings were in due form, but the purpose for which the probate court essayed to authorize the curator to execute the deed was not one for which the law authorized the curator to encumber his ward’s land.
In Evans v. Halleck, 83 Mo. 376, an administrator paid off a mortgage on the land with funds belonging to the estate under the belief that there was enough per
In Norton v. Highleyman, 88 Mo. 621, the defendant Highleyman owned the land subject to a mortgage given by a former owner to the county; on default in payment a sale to foreclose was advertised by the sher- , iff; on the day appointed the plaintiff appeared and informed the sheriff and Highleyman that he was willing to bid the amount of the mortgage debt and costs for the land, but they told him that there would be no sale that day, and thereupon he went away; after he left, however, the sale did occur and the land was struck off to Highleyman, but Highleyman did not then pay his bid, and had not done so seven days thereafter, when the plaintiff appeared before the county court and offered to pay the amount of the debt and costs for the land; his offer was accepted by the county court and he ■ paid the amount into court supposing that he was to have a deed, but he did not get a deed and failing to get what he expected, he brought suit against Highleyman seeking to be subrogated to the rights of the mortgagee; it was held that he was a mere volunteer and entitled to nothing. In that case Highleyman was permitted to take the benefit of the plaintiff’s payment of the mortgage and keep the land. It was a hard case, but the fact was the plaintiff through ignorance of the law had volunteered to pay another man’s debt, and the court could not relieve him of the consequence of his own blunder.
In Bunn v. Lindsay, 95 Mo. 250, Lindsay, the owner of the land, executed a deed of trust on it to secure a debt to a building company, which deed was duly recorded, after that a judgment was rendered against Lindsay, a transcript of which was filed in the office of
In the case at bar the only ground on which a court of equity is asked to intervene in the plaintiff’s behalf is that she would not have parted with her money if she
The casé at bar is very much like that of Kleimann v. Gieselmann, 114 Mo. 437; same case, 45 Mo. App. 497, in its most important features. In that case the father died leaving his homestead encumbered with a mortgage, leaving also' a widow and minor children; the new loan was obtained for the purpose of paying off the old mortgage and the money so obtained was used for that purpose, the new mortgage (or deed of trust) was executed by the widow alone, she and the lender both believing at the time that under the terms of her husband’s will she was the sole owner of. the property, which was a mistake in their interpretation of the will. After the mistake was discovered, it was sought to have the doctrine of subrogation applied to the transaction on the ground that the children had obtained the benefit of the new loan in the discharge of the mortgage which encumbered the property when it descended to them, and that equity and good conscience demanded that the new loan should be placed in the position of the old one. But the St. Louis Court of Appeals, in an opinion by Rombauer, J., which when the cause came here was, in an opinion by Burgess, J., adopted as the opinion of this court, held that in so far as the children were concerned the new lender was a mere volunteer and not entitled, as to them, to subrogation. This court said that the mistake under which the parties labored, though it was mutual, was a mistake of law, and therefore no room for equity interference was found on the ground of mutual mistake. In the case at bar, both parties doubtless thought that the deed of the curator, fortified with the express order of the probate court, was valid; in that they were mistaken, but it was a mistake of law.
There are other eases in our books in which this court has discussed this doctrine of subrogation, but
The statute prescribes the only purposes for which a curator, even with the sanction of the probate court, may mortgage his ward’s lands, and the borrowing of money to discharge a pre-existing encumbrance is not one of those purposes. [Sec. 3504, R. S. 1899.] If a power in the curator might be implied from the necessity of a case, surely no more important purpose could be imagined than the education and maintenance of the ward, therefore under such a theory there would have been no necessity for a statute expressly authorizing the curator to incumber the ward’s property for his education and maintenance. The expression therefore of that particular purpose in the statute is in effect the exclusion of all others, and it means that the power to encumber the ward’s property does not exist except for the purposes expressed in the statute and except that it be exercised in the manner prescribed by the statute.
It is urged in the argument that this transaction was manifestly for the interest of the children, that foreclosure was threatening, and they had no means with which to discharge the encumbrance. It may or may not, as a matter of fact, have been for the best interest of the children. Whether it would have resulted more to their advantage to have allowed the property to go to sale at the time of the threatened foreclosure, than to postpone it three years until the new mortgage should mature, depends on circumstances. There is nothing in this record that would justify us in saying that these children were any better off at the end of the three years’ limit of the new mortgage than they were before, and on the other hand if it is a fact that the property would have sold better under the old mortgage, either because the market was better then or the title was clearer, the children have been deprived of
The evidence shows that the lender did not rely on the old mortgage, but the contrary, the lender’s agent himself, with the money loaned, paid the old debt and saw to it that the satisfaction of the old deed of trust was entered on the record. In order to subrogate the plaintiff to the rights of the original mortgagee we would have to make a new contract for the parties and give a different interpretation to the equitable doctrine of subrogation from that given in the cases above referred to.
The learned trial judge decided that this was not a case for the application of the doctrine of subrogation and in that respect his conclusion was correct, but he held that the plaintiff was entitled to an equitable lien and under that theory gave the plaintiff practically the relief prayed.
The doctrine of equitable lien follows closely on that of subrogation. They both come under the maxim ‘ ‘ equality is equity, ’ ’ and they are applied only in cases where the law fails to give relief and justice would suffer without them. But the doctrine -of equitable lien has its prescribed boundaries as well as that of subrogation; it is not a limitless remedy to be applied according to the measure of the conscience of the particular chancellor, any more than, as an illustrious law-writer said, to the measure of his foot. The right to an equitable lien arises when a party at the request of another advances him money to be applied and which is applied
In vain would a statute prescribe the limit of a curator’s power to mortgage his ward’s property if a court of equity should, by giving it another name, whether it be subrogation or equitable lien, invest an unauthorized deed with substantially the same effect it would have had if it had been expressly authorized by the statute.
The court erred in holding that the plaintiff was entitled to an equitable lien. The judgment is reversed and the cause remanded to the circuit court with directions to enter judgment for defendants, and dismissing the plaintiff’s bill, without prejudice, however, to the plaintiff’s right to foreclose her deed of trust as to the interest of Mrs. Mary B. Garrison.