187 Tenn. 552 | Tenn. | 1948
delivered tbe opinion of tbe Court.
In a memo opinion filed October 16, 1948, certiorari in tbis case was denied. Cantrell, tbe petitioner for certior-ari, bas filed tbe petition to rebear. Tbe burden of bis complaint is that tbe result of our conclusion in denying tbe certiorari is to deprive bim of bis constitutional right to a jury trial.
It is apparent from tbe face of tbe petition and tbe authorities to which it refers that counsel is laboring under tbe erroneous impression that our conclusion as to respondent, Hudson Sales Corporation, was dictated by Code, section 10654. Probably in denying certiorari, we should have gone into more detail than we did in
Cantrell purchased a new Hudson automobile from Burnett & Henderson Company, a dealer at Jackson. Burnett & Henderson Company had bought this car from the manufacturer, Hudson Sales Corporation. That automobile was destroyed by fire three or four days after its purchase. It was Cantrell’s insistence that the proximate cause of the fire was a defect in the wiring or other similar construction of the automobile which Burnett & Henderson Company had sold him.
Based upon the theory just stated, Cantrell sued both the dealer and the manufacturer, and proceeded to trial upon a three count declaration. The first count was against the dealer, predicated upon Code section 7208 which imposes upon the dealer an implied warranty as to the condition of the car when sold. The second count sued both the dealer and the manufacturer under the same code section. The third count sued the manufacturer alone on the allegation that the car was defectively constructed, and that this defect caused the fire. Of course, the third count sounded in tort, whereas the other two sounded in contract; but they were grounded upon the same alleged facts.
Upon the trial of the case to a jury, after both sides had introduced all the proof they cared to offer and had rested, the trial judge withdrew the case from the jury as to the Hudson Sales Corporation on the theory that the Hudson Sales Corporation, the manufacturer, was not liable, in any event because of lack of privity of con
“If you find that the plaintiff purchased the automobile involved in the lawsuit from the defendant Burnett and Henderson Company, and if you further find that said automobile at the time of such purchase by the plaintiff was not of merchantable quality but was in some way defective, and that the fire which destroyed said automobile was the result of such defect, then you shall return a verdict in favor of the plaintiff against the defendant Burnett & Henderson Company.”
It is clear that the issue submitted to the'jury for determination was whether the automobile when purchased by Cantrell from Burnett & Henderson Company was at that time “in some way defective, and that the fire which destroyed said automobile was the result of such defect.” The determination of that issue by the jury was controlling as to whether it, the jury, “shall return a verdict in favor of the plaintiff against the defendant Burnett & Henderson Company.”
It is also clear that if the automobile, when sold to Cantrell by Burnett & Henderson Company, was not in some way defective, or that the fire which destroyed it was not caused by such defect, then Hudson Sales Corporation is, as a matter of law, not liable to Cantrell on any theory, tort or contract, because liability is predicated entirely upon the proposition that the car was defective when bought by Cantrell and that this defect caused the fire which destroyed it.
Hpon the issue submitted to it, to wit, whether the automobile when sold to Cantrell by Burnett & Henderson Company had a defect which caused the fire, the jury
This verdict was concurred in by the trial judge and the Court of Appeals upon material supporting evidence. So, the judgment rendered against Cantrell upon that verdict judicially determines it to he a fact that at the time of its sale to Cantrell that car did not have a defect which caused the fire that destroyed it. . That being true, the Hudson Sales Corporation could not, as a matter of law, be liable to Cantrell on any theory, tort or contract, for the destruction of that car, if this judgment against Cantrell on this judicially determined fact is binding against him in a suit subsequently conducted by him against the Hudson Sales Corporation on the identical fact already judicially determined, the Hudson Sales Corporation by reason of the directed verdict not being a party to the suit at the instant it' was so found by the jury and then judicially determined.
As early as the case of Ragan v. Kennedy, 1 Tenn. 91, 94, this Court in a per curiam opinion stated the rule in the situation we have here to he this:
“In order to render a verdict in one action evidence in another, it is not necessary that the parties should be the same. It is sufficient if the party against whom the verdict is intended to be introduced was a party to the former suit, and that the same subject matter was directly put in issue by the pleadings.” ' (Emphasis added.)
That rule is stated as the law today by the text writer in 30 American Jurisprudence, page 920-921 in this language:
“It is a fundamental principle of jurisprudence that material facts or questions, which were in issue in a*557 former action, and were there admitted or judicially determined, are conclusively settled by a judgment rendered therein, and that such facts or questions becomes res judicata and may not again be litigated in a subsequent action between the same parties or their privies, regardless of the form the issue may take in the subsequent action, whether the subsequent action involves the same or a different form or proceedings, or whether the second action is upon the same or a different cause of action, subject matter, claim, or demand, as the earlier action. In such cases, it is also immaterial that the two actions are based on different grounds, or tried on different theories, or instituted for different purposes, and seek different relief,” citing cases.
It will be noted that in the quotation just made there is contained the expression “in a subsequent action between the same parties or their privies.” (Emphasis added.) In discussing the meaning of the word “privy” in connection with the doctrine of res judicata on facts previously determined judically, it is stated in 30 Ameri-cán Jurisprudence, page 957-958 that:
“It has been declared that privity within the meaning of the doctrine of res judicata is privity as it exists in relation to the subject matter of the litigation.”
In our case of Loveman Co. v. Bayless, 128 Tenn. 307, 316, 160 S. W. 841, 843, Ann. Cas. 1915C, 187, in considering the same question, this Court said:
‘ ‘ That every one is entitled to his day in court, and no more, on the same cause of action; that he has enjoyed this right when he has contested the matter with persons committing the wrong and primarily liable, and has been cast in such suit; that to permit him after this to contest thematter with one only secondarily liable would be to*558 give bbn two suits upon the same cause of action. It is said to be a branch of the law of res adjudícala, but not requiring that the parities should he the same, or those strictly in privity. ” (Emphasis added.)
In that case it was held that when the servant is sued solely for a tort and a verdict is rendered in favor of the defendant servant, then, if the- master is sued only for the same tort based on this conduct of his servant, he is entitled “to a discharge from such claimed liability.” Then the'Court said, 128 Tenn. at page 314, 160 S. W. at page 842:
“The principle is firmly established in even a wider application, as, for example, cases involving lessor and lessee sought to be held liable on the same cause of action. ’ ’
In the instant case Hudson Sales Corporation, the manufacturer, and Burnett & Henderson Company, the dealer, do not occupy the relation of master and servant, nor that of lessor and lessee, (the illustrations given in the authorities above referred to). Their relation is that of vendor and vendee, wherein both are sought to be held liable because of their “relation to the subject matter of the litigation,” the automobile sold to Cantrell.
However, we can perceive no distinction in principle on the question of liability here from that when the relation is that of master and servant wherein the master in a separate action is sought to be held liable solely because of an alleged tort done by the servant, and in which it has been finally adjudged that the servant committed no tort. In that case the master could not, as a matter of law, be liable for the alleged negligence of his servant, when it had been judicially determined that the servant was not negligent. So, in the present case, the
But tbe petition to rehear insists that, notwithstanding principle or precedent, this conclusion deprives Cantrell of bis constitutional right to a jury trial upon tbe issue of fact in question. Cantrell has been given tbe opportunity to present to a jury all tbe material legal evidence that be cared to offer upon tbe determinative issue of fact in this lawsuit. Tbe jury has decided that issue against him. He has not, therefore, been deprived of a right of a trial by jury. Tbe general rule is stated succinctly in 31 American Jurisprudence, 561, in this language: "Tbe right to jury trial is preserved when each party has one fair opportunity to present to a jury tbe evidence on wbicb be claims to raise an issue of fact. ’ ’ Our case of Woods v. State, 130 Tenn. 100, 106, 169 S. W. 558, L. R. A. 1915F, 531 in much more detail declares tbe same rule wbicb is applicable here.
In denying tbe petition for certiorari it was our conclusion for tbe reasons above stated that in any subsequent suit between Cantrell and tbe Hudson Sales Corporation based upon tbe theory that their manufacture of an allegedly defective car was tbe cause of the fire that destroyed that car, Cantrell at tbe outset would be confronted with tbe fact that tbe issue bad already been determined judicially against him and was binding upon him ; wherefore Hudson Sales Corporation could not, as a matter