24 N.C. 449 | N.C. | 1842
This was an action of trespass to recover damages against the defendant for seizing and detaining a negro slave Sam. And on the trial the plaintiff produced, proved, and gave in evidence a deed in trust executed *318 by Samuel B. Spruill, bearing date 16 August, 1841, and conveying to the plaintiff a large amount of real and personal property (including the slave in question) in trust, to be sold by the plaintiff and the proceeds to be applied to the payment of certain debts therein mentioned (450) and described. The only provisions in the said deed which it is necessary to mention are these: "The property shall be sold at anytime after 1 January, 1842, or before, if directed by the said SamuelB. Spruill, on such terms and at such places as shall be directed byhim; said Henry J. Cannon is to sell the aforesaid property, andout of the proceeds to pay, first, the expenses of executing this indenture;in the next place, the debt due Thomas Deloach; and as to all the otherdebts and dues mentioned, he is to pay them with interest, and the costs,now due or which may fall due on suits now pending, pro rata. It is,however, stipulated that, as the said Samuel B. Spruill is anxious to saveharmless all his securities, if there be any of them unprovided for in thisindenture, he is at liberty to direct them to be paid in like manner as hisother securities are." It was admitted by the defendant that the slave in controversy was, at the time of the execution of the deed, the property of the said Samuel B. Spruill, and that he seized the said slave. And thereupon the defendant showed that certain writs of fieri facias against the said Spruill, one issuing from September Term, 1841, of Northampton County Court at the instance of Samuel Calvert, and one from the Superior Court of Wake, tested of the Autumn Term, 1841, came to his hands as sheriff of Northampton County, and that by virtue of these writs he made the said seizure. And thereupon the counsel for the defendant, not denying that the said deed of trust was executed, proved and registered before the teste of the executions, or that the debts specified in the said deed were true debts, nevertheless insisted that the plaintiff was not entitled to recover in his action, because, on the face of the said deed, and the several provisions therein contained, and particularly from the delay authorized by the deed in the sale of the property, and the power reserved to the said Spruill to determine the places and terms of selling; the same was, in law, fraudulent and void as against the creditors of the said Spruill. And his Honor having pro forma declared himself of the opinion that the deed could not be supported as against the creditors, and hence could not entitle the plaintiff to recover against the defendant, the plaintiff's counsel, thereupon — not denying that (451) the said Spruill, at the time of the execution of the said deed, was insolvent and unable to pay his debts, and that the said deed conveyed or attempted to convey all his property, and that he retained the use and possession of the whole thereof until after 1 January, 1842, and admitting that on 15 November, 1841, an execution, issuing upon the judgment in Wake Superior Court aforesaid to the county of Duplin, *319 was levied upon certain of the negro slaves mentioned in the deed, and thereupon settled to the value or part of the value of the said slaves by a security furnished by the said Spruill — offered to prove that after the sand 1 January, 1842, and before the 15th of the same month, the said plaintiff did assume possession or control of all the slaves conveyed by the said deed, and on said 15 January sold the same, the seizure by the defendant having been made between the said 1 January and such sale; and the plaintiff's counsel also offered in explanation of the provision in the deed for postponing the time of sale until after the said 1 January, and to repel any legal presumption thence arising against the instrument, to prove that the said Samuel B. Spruill, at the time of executing the said deed, was engaged in fulfilling a contract for work, etc., on the Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad, which was to be continued throughout 1841, and had employed in that work eleven of his negro slaves (the whole number conveyed by the deed being twenty-seven) and also twelve mules and three wagons, and that of the remaining sixteen slaves, all (except the children who were unable to labor and three servants employed in attendance on said Spruill's family) were occupied in making a crop then growing on the land in Northampton mentioned in the deed; and in explanation of so much of the deed as authorized a sale to be made before 1 January, 1842, at the discretion of the said Spruill, the plaintiff's counsel offered to prove that the said Spruill desired and hoped to rescind the said contract with the said railroad company before the said 1 January. To this evidence the defendant's counsel objected, on the ground that it was inadmissible and irrelevant to the purpose for which it was offered, and, if admitted, could not repel the (452) presumption against the deed arising from the other provisions of the instrument. And the judge pro forma rejected the evidence; and it was thereupon agreed by the parties that a verdict should pass for the plaintiff, subject to the opinion of the court upon the foregoing case. And it was agreed that should the court be of opinion that the said deed in trust is on its face good and sufficient in law to pass the title to the plaintiff as against the creditors of the said Spruill, and to maintain this action against the defendant, then judgment to be entered upon the verdict against the defendant; and if the court shall be of the contrary opinion, and also that the matter offered to be proved by the plaintiff was inadmissible or irrelevant, or, if proved, would not be available to repel the presumptions against the deed arising from the provisions thereof, the verdict to be set aside and a nonsuit entered; but should the court hold the said matter admissible and relevant, and if proved sufficient to repel the said presumptions, then the verdict to be set aside and a new trial granted. And his Honor (pro forma, both parties being desirous of taking the questions to the Supreme Court) declared his opinion to *320 be against the plaintiff, and set aside the verdict and entered a nonsuit, from which judgment the plaintiff appealed. This case has called for the most deliberate consideration of the Court, not more because of the amount of property involved in the contest than because of the importance of the principles which are to be settled by the decision.
It is admitted that the deed under which the plaintiff claims title to the property in dispute was made by a debtor hopelessly insolvent; that the creditors for whose benefit it purports to be made are bona fide creditors, and that the deed conveyed or attempted to convey all the debtor's property to the uses therein declared. And the principal question which presents itself is, Does the conveyance itself manifest any intent (453) which the Court is authorized to declare fraudulent? In the case made, the attention of the Court is especially drawn to two provisions in the deed, the one directing a postponement of the sale until 1 January thereafter, unless a previous sale be directed by the debtor, and the other authorizing the debtor to declare the terms and places of sale. The deed bears date 16 August, 1841, and states the property conveyed to consist of the lots and houses in the city of Raleigh and a tract of land in the county of Wake which had been allotted to the debtor's wife as her dower in the real estate of her former husband; all his interest in the lands of his wife situate in the State of Alabama and Illinois, his tract of land in the county of Northampton purchased from E. J. Peebles; twenty shares of stock in the Gaston Railroad, four shares in the Portsmouth and Roanoke Railroad; all his stock of horses, mules, cattle, sheep, and hogs; all his bacon, lard, corn and fodder, household and kitchen furniture, his farming utensils, library, saws, axes, bridle and saddle; all his interest in a contract with the Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad Company for the year 1841; twenty-seven negroes, named; his interest in certain negroes hired for the year; his carriage, gigs, buggies, wagons and carts, with the gear thereunto belonging, and the timber which he has on hand and not yet delivered to the Raleigh and Wilmington Railroad Company; and the trusts declared are that the trustee (the plaintiff) shall, with respect to his contract with the said company for the year 1841, and the timber and other things therewith connected, and the negroes hired and employed in working under said contract, collect what may become due from the company, and, after paying the necessary expenses under the said contract, hold the balance as thereinafter directed; "and as to the other property and the said balance, the property *321 shall be at any" time after 1 January, 1842, or before if directed by the said "Samuel B. Spruill" (the debtor), "on such terms and at such places as shall be directed by him, the said Henry J. Cannon" (the trustee) "is to sell the aforesaid property, and out of the proceeds to pay, first, the expenses of executing this indenture," in the next place the debt of "Thomas Deloach" (one of those recited in the premises of the (454) deed), "and as to all the other debts and dues mentioned, he is to pay them with interest and costs now due or which may become due on suits now pending, pro rata." The following declaration or stipulation is then subjoined: "It is, however, stipulated that, as the said Samuel B. Spruill is anxious to save harmless all his securities, if there be any of them unprovided for in this indenture, he is at liberty to direct them to be paid in like manner his other securities are."
We find no difficulty in ascertaining the meaning of the parties in the trusts declared with respect to the selling of the property conveyed. The instrument is imperative in requiring the trustees to sell after 1 January, 1842, and reserves to the debtor the power of ordering a sale at an earlier day, and also of directing the terms and places of sale, whether made before or after that day.
It is insisted that because of these provisions the deed is fraudulent on its face, first, for that such provisions are obviously framed for the ease and favor of the debtor, and to obtain for him a benefit out of the property conveyed; and, secondly, for that they enable the debtor to exercise a control over the property which is inconsistent with the professed object of the conveyance, the appropriation of all the property to the satisfaction of the creditors, and which control may enable him to hinder and defeat that object.
We do not feel ourselves much embarrassed by the first objection. The deed is silent in regard to the possession of the property until the sale, and if we suppose, which is perhaps a fair interpretation of it, that the maker of the deed was to retain the possession until it was demanded for a sale, it by means follows that such possession would be an ease or favor to him, and still less that the object of such an arrangement was to procure any benefit to him. We cannot hold that the delay of a sale until 1 January, 1842, is not, under all the circumstances of the case, a provision for the benefit of the creditors, so as to insure to them the full profits of the contract with the railroad company, the gathering of the growing crop, which passed with the land as an incident, and perhaps the obtaining of better prices for the property. And this (455) stipulation, that with Spruill's consent the sale may be hastened, seems to be so naturally and fairly accounted for by the evidence offered in explanation that we not only do not feel ourselves bound to declare that the deed shows an intent in this respect to ease and favor the debtor, *322 or to divert any part of his property from its professed destination, but that we are strongly impressed so far with a conviction of the honesty, both moral and legal, of the conveyance.
We find more difficulty in the second objection. It does seem to us that the power reserved to the debtor, after the conveyance, to direct the terms and places of the sale, is one which, if followed as a precedent, may lead to great abuses. It is natural for an honest debtor, who is unable by a devotion of all his property to the satisfaction of his debts, to save altogether his preferred creditors — his sureties, or those having, in his judgment, the strongest claims on his justice and benevolence; to provide for such a disposition of the property as will probably render it most available for that purpose. Stipulations in the deed prescribing the terms and designating the places of sale, with the view to command the best prices for the property, if they be not plainly unreasonable, may well be regarded not only as fair, but even as commending the instrument to a favorable consideration. But stipulations that the debtor may hereafter direct the terms and places of sale are of a very different character, and ought to be watched with much jealousy. We believe that they are unusual, and on that account alone they ought to excite suspicion. But, besides, they may be so used as to embarrass, and even prevent the sale; and the reservation of such a power is not easily reconciled with the absolute and bona fide appropriation by the debtor of his property to the payment of his debts. Yet, after much reflection, we do not deem ourselves justified in pronouncing that, suspicious and dangerous as these stipulations are, they make the deed which contains them fraudulent inlaw. We are satisfied that under the terms used the debtor had no power to prevent a sale. The words are, "that the property shall be at any time after 1 January, 1842, or before, if directed by the said (456) Samuel B. Spruill, on such terms and at such places as may be directed by him, the said Henry J. Cannon is to sell the aforesaid property." It is made the duty of the trustee to sell. This is the main object and principal intent of the conveyance. A discretion over the terms and places of sale is indeed given to Spruill, and this discretion the trustee is to afford him a fair opportunity of exercising. But if he will not exercise the power, the trustee is, by the terms of the instrument, nevertheless bound to sell. The power, therefore, is not necessarily inconsistent with the professed object of the conveyance, and when we advert to the multifarious nature of the property, and its scattered condition, and the probability that its former owner was deemed more competent than the trustee or the creditors to prescribe the best mode of selling it, we cannot say but that the power may have been reserved for a perfectly honest purpose. If it was — if the actual intent was to effect a disposition of the property most conducive to the avowed object of the conveyance: to satisfy as far *323 as the property could, by reasonable means, be made to satisfy the just demands of the preferred creditors — it was not, in law, a fraudulent conveyance. And what was the actual intent is a proper question for the jury.
The defendant's counsel has very much pressed another objection, which is not distinctly, if at all, referred to in the case. He insists that the last stipulation in the deed, by which the debtor is authorized to put other cestuis que trustent into the conveyance, is one fatal to the validity of an assignment of an insolvent debtor; for that it is, in effect, a provision for changing at his will the application of the property professed to be conveyed for the benefit of others. There would be great force in this objection if the stipulation in question actually conferred the power supposed; but we cannot say that it does. It professes to authorize the grantor, in the event of its appearing that he has omitted to provide in the deed for the indemnity of all his sureties, to require that the forgotten sureties shall share with those remembered in the conveyance. But the case does not state that any of the sureties have been thus overlooked; and unless such were the fact, the debtor had no power to make any change in the distribution of the funds assigned. (457)
The judgment of nonsuit should be set aside.
PER CURIAM. New trial.
Cited: S. c.,