Two questions are presented by the record: Whether a liability insurance company can be joined with the automobile owner in a suit for' personal injury sus- ’ tained by reason of the negligence of the latter, and whether a minor child 'may maintain an action for personal injuries sustained by negligence of the father in operating the car in which they are riding.
The amended petition contains no allegations which show that the policy given by the insurance сompany to the father by its terms made the insurance company directly liable to the person injured. It appears that it was an ordinary policy and under the provisions of §9510-3 and §9510-4, GC no proceeding may be had against the insurаnce company by the injured person until the right of action -for personal injury is reduced to judgment.
Stacey v Fidelity & Casualty Co., 114 Oh St, 633.
The court below therefore committed no error in sustaining the motion to strike matter from the amended petition.
If the amended рetition stated a cause of action against the defendant, S. Louis Canen, dismissal of the petition constituted prejudicial error. The question is therefore presented whether 'or not the daughter, Mae Canen, eleven years of age, could maintain an action against her own father. By the weight of modern authority an unemancipated minor child can not maintain an action for a personal tort against his natural parent. The rule is stated in 30 R. C. L., 631 аnd the authorities are collected in the following annotations:
71 A. L. R. 1071;
31 A. L. R. 1157;
The reason upon which the rule is based is the sаfeguarding of the family relation and the preservation of harmony and good will among its members. We are aware that a controversy has arisen in adjudicated *306 cases with respect to the proper rule, and pursuit of the inquiry is interesting and instructive.
In the case of Sorrentino v Sorrentino,
“Judgment affirmed, with costs. Held, that an action for personal injuries resulting from negligence may not be maintained against a parent by an unemancipated minor child; no opinion.
A very excellent discussion of the question may bp found in DUnlap v Dunlap, 71 A. L. R., 1095,
Upon this phase of the inquiry the dissenting opinion in the casе of Small v Morrison, 31 A. L. R., 1135,
An elaborate discussion of the whole question of torts between persons occupying the domestic relation may be found in 43 Harvard Law Review, 1030. On the concluding page of this discussion, may be found the following:
“In the case of parent and minor child, I the matter has been and still is one of com- i mon law. Authority is in favor of recogni- j tiоn of a cause of action in respect to property injuries, and a denial thereof in respect tо personal injuries. In most states the personal injury situation has not been adjudicated, and the few clear deсisions we have go back no further than 1891.
In view of the pancity of authority, the unsatisfactory and inconsistent character of the reasons advanced,, the different and inconsistent treatment of husband and wif? and parent and child, in sеveral instances by the same court, and the changed economic conditions of the present day, the рroblem of a cause of action for personal injury should be considered an open question, meriting a mоre careful and exhaustive analysis, a more critical appreciation of the -factors involved, and a more rational treatment than it has received in the past.”
Notwithstanding the difference of opinion as shown by the references to these authorities, we are satisfied that the great weight of authority in modern adjudicatеd cases is that the unemancipated minor child can not sue the natural parent for personal injuries arising оut of the negligence of the parent,
Mesite v Kirchenstein,
Elias v Collins,
Mannion v Mannion, 3 N. J. Misc., 68,
Damiano v Damiano, 6 N. J. Misc., 849,
Sorrentino v Sorrentino,
Ciani v Ciani,
Matarese v Matarese, 47 R. I., 131, 42 A. L. R., 1360,
Wick v Wick,
Zutter v O’Connell,
We feel constrained to follow these authorities.
This court, in the case of Finn v Finn, 19 Oh Ap 302, held that where a husband and wife are living' together, the wife can not maintain an action for personal injury against her husband growing out. of his negligence. It apрears that a motion to certify the reeprd was overruled by the Supreme Court March 3, 1925. While at common law the husband and wife were one and the husband was that one, and in that respect the martial relation would be different frоm the relation of parent and child, yet under the modern acts’relating to the rights of married women the wife is quite free in Ohio and Finn v Finn, supra, is entitled to weight. At least, the reason for the rule that the wife can not sue the husband under such circumstаnces is based upon the same reason as the rule as between minor child and parent, — namely, the preservation of the home ties.
It appears that in the instant case the daughter was living with her father, was under his care, сustody and control and if does not appear from the amended petition that she had been emancipated.
*307 We are of the opinion that the minor daughter could not maintain the action against her father, and that the court below did not err in dismsising the plaintiff’s petition.
For the reasons given the judgment will be affirmed.