Lead Opinion
delivered the Opinion of the Court.
T 1 In this sexual assault case, we interpret the relationship criterion of the sexually violent predator ("SVP") statute, section 18-3-414.5(1)(a)(III), C.R.S. (2012), and hold that an offender need not specifically intend to establish or promote a relationship with the victim primarily for the purpose of sexual victimization to satisfy that provision. We accordingly overrule the court of appeals' decision in People v. Stead,
12 In addition, after applying our interpretation of the relationship criterion to the record in this case, we hold that the trial court made the appropriate specific findings and correctly designated Petitioner Rudolph Matthew Candelaria as an SVP. We therefore affirm the judgment of the court of appeals.
I. Facts and Procedural History
T3 Candelaria met his vietim, ML, while in line at a store in Durango, Colorado. A few days later, Candelaria and ML went out for dinner and drinks. At the end of the evening, Candelaria offered to give ML a ride to her car, ML accepted the offer, but instead of driving ML to her car, Candelaria drove ML to a secluded location and sexually assaulted her. ML immediately reported the incident to the police. The state charged Candelaria with one count of first-degree sexual assault, a class three felony.
14 A jury convicted Candelaria of sexual assault after a three-day trial. The trial court sentenced Candelaria to an indeterminate prison term of eight years to life, and designated him as an SVP. Candelaria appealed his conviction, sentence, and SVP designation to the court of appeals. The court of appeals affirmed the sexual assault convietion, but held that the trial court erred when it designated Candelaria as an SVP without making the factual findings required by the SVP statute. People v. Candelaria, No. O6CA1585, slip op. at 23-24,
T 5 Upon remand, the trial court conducted a hearing to determine Candelaria's SVP status. During the hearing, the trial court made specific factual findings supporting its SVP designation. Referring to trial testimony, a presentence investigation report, the
T6 Candelaria appealed this second SVP designation to the court of appeals, which affirmed. People v. Candelaria, No. 09CA1350, slip op. at 5,
II. Analysis
T8 We review the plain language of the relationship criterion of the SVP statute to determine if it requires an offender to have specifically intended to establish or promote his relationship with the victim for the purpose of sexual victimization, as the court of appeals held it did in Stead,
A. Section 18-3-414.5(1)(a)(IID)
19 The trial court ultimately determines whether an offender satisfies the four criteria of section 18-8-414.5(1)(a) and therefore qualifies for SVP designation. Allen v. People,
110 In this case, we interpret the relationship criterion of the four-part SVP statute to determine whether the court of appeals properly affirmed the trial court's decision to designate Candelaria as an SVP. We review questions of law involving statutory interpretation de novo. Grant v. People,
1 11 To satisfy the relationship criterion of the SVP statute, the trial court must find that the offender's "victim was a stranger to the offender or a person with whom the offender established or promoted a relationship primarily for the purpose of sexual vie-timization." § 18-8-414.5(1)(a)(IIl). For the purposes of this case, we need only interpret the phrase "person with whom the offender established or promoted a relationship primarily for the purpose of sexual victimization" because the parties do not assert that Candelaria was a stranger to ML. Specifically, we must determine whether the applicable portion of the relationship criterion of the SVP statute requires the trial court to make a specific intent finding as the court of appeals held in Stead,
$12 "Our primary task in construing a statute is to give effect to the intent of the General Assembly." Grant,
T 13 In Stead, the court of appeals looked "to the face of the statute" to conclude, without analysis, that the relationship criterion requires the trial court to make a "seienter" finding to demonstrate that an offender satisfies the relationship criterion of the SVP statute. 66 P.8d at 121-22. More specifically, the court of appeals held that this "scien-ter" requirement obligates the trial court to find that an offender "had a specific intent in forming the relationship" with the victim for the purposes of sexual victimization. Id. at 122.
T 14 We disagree with this interpretation of the relationship criterion of the SVP statute for several reasons. First, the plain language of the relationship criterion does not contain a specific intent requirement. The General Assembly typically employs the terms "intentionally" and "with intent" in criminal statutes that require a specific intent finding. § 18-1-501(5), C.R.S. (2012) (using the terms "intentionally" or "with intent" to describe the mental state for specific intent offenses); see, eg., § 18-8-102(1)(a), C.RS. (2012) (providing that first-degree murder, a specific intent crime, requires the defendant to have acted "with the intent to cause the death of a person"). The General Assembly did not include either term in the relationship criterion, nor does the plain language of the remainder of the SVP statute otherwise suggest a legislative intent to require a finding of the offender's specific intent as a precursor to SVP designation. We refuse to judicially legislate by reading a specific intent requirement into the statute to accomplish something the plain language does not suggest, warrant, or mandate. Scoggins v. Unigard Ins. Co.,
11 15 Second, the General Assembly's use of the word "primarily" indicates that it did not intend for a trial court's SVP designation to hinge on a finding that the offender specifically intended to establish or promote the relationship for the purposes of sexual victimization. The word "primarily" means "mainly" or "principally." Webster's New College Dictionary 1140 (2005). The open-ended plain meaning of this term does not require that the offender possess a particular mental state.
T 16 Reading a specific intent requirement into the relationship criterion would therefore conflict with the General Assembly's use of the word "primarily." A person acts with specific intent "when his conscious objective is to cause the specific result proscribed by the statute." § 18-1-501(5). Thus, to make a specific intent finding, a trial court would have to conclude that the offender's conscious objective was to sexually victimize the person with whom he established or promoted the relationship. Requiring the trial court to make this finding would frustrate the legislature's intent to allow trial courts to designate an offender as an SVP if the offender only "primarily," rather than consciously, established or promoted the relationship for purposes of sexual victimization.
117 We therefore overrule Stead to the extent that it interprets the relationship criterion to include a specific intent requirement. To demonstrate that the offender satisfies the relationship criterion, the trial court need only make "specific findings of fact," § 18-8-414.5(2), related to whether the offender either "established" or "promoted" the relationship with the victim "primarily for the purpose of sexual victimization," § 18-8-414.5(1)(a)(III). Deferring to the trial court's factual findings, we now apply our
B. Application
{18 The court of appeals correctly affirmed the trial court's decision to designate Candelaria as an SVP after the trial court complied with section 18-3-414.5(2) by making specific findings of fact supporting its designation. The court of appeals emphasized the trial court's finding that "ilt was clear the victim in this case just wanted a ride, [Candelaria] took her [up behind Smelter Mountain,] she kept telling him no and he kept persisting," to support the court of appeals' conclusion that Candelaria satisfied the relationship criterion of the SVP statute. Candelaria, No. 09CA1850, slip op. at 5.
19 Our independent review of the record confirms that Candelaria satisfied the rela tionship criterion of the SVP statute by having "established a relationship" with ML primarily for the purpose of sexual victimization. § 18-3-414.5(1)(a)(III). An offender "established a relationship" in accordance with the SVP statute if he "created, started, or began the relationship" primarily for the purpose of sexual victimization. Gallegos, [ 12 (holding that an offender "established a relationship" under the relationship criterion of the SVP statute where "he created, started, or began a relationship primarily for the purpose of sexual victimization"). The trial court found that Candelaria established the relationship by asking ML on a date, taking her out for dinner and for a number of drinks, and asking if she wanted a ride to her car. Candelaria's actions "created, started, or began the relationship" with ML primarily for the purpose of sexual victimization because, after ML accepted Candela-ria's offer to drive her to her car at the end of their date, Candelaria drove ML to a secluded location and sexually assaulted her.
20 Pursuant to our holding in this case, the trial court had no obligation to find that Candelaria specifically intended to establish or promote the relationship with ML for the purposes of sexual victimization. Thus, although the trial court did not find specific intent, we agree with the court of appeals that the trial court's factual findings based on the record support the determination that Candelaria satisfied the relationship eriterion of the SVP statute. Thus, we affirm the judgment of the court of appeals.
IIL Conclusion
21 We hold that a trial court need not specifically find that an offender specifically intended to establish or promote a relationship with the victim for purposes of sexual victimization in order to satisfy the relationship criterion of the SVP statute because the plain language of the relationship criterion does not demand such a finding. According ly, we overrule the court of appeals' opinion in Stead to the extent that it conflicts with this opinion, and affirm the judgment of the court of appeals.
Notes
. Because the SOMB is not tasked with promulgating definitions for the relationship criterion, we need not defer to the SOMB's definitions in the risk assessment screening instrument. * Allen, 19.
. This conclusion arose during the court of appeals' application of the "scienter'" factor of "the Mendoza-Martinez test" delineated by the United States Supreme Court for the purposes of classifying a statutory scheme as "punishment" under Apprendi v. New Jersey,
Concurrence Opinion
concurring in part and concurring in the judgment.
24 To the extent that the majority relies here on its decision in Allen v. People,
Concurrence Opinion
concurring in the judgment.
{22 While I have indicated my disagreement with the majority's interpretation of the "established or promoted" language of seetion 18-38-414.5(1)(a)(III), CRS. (2012), in my separate opinion in Allen v. People,
1 23 I therefore concur in the judgment of the court.