Campbell v. State

Bakdeen, J.

Thе errors relied on for the reversal of this judgment may be grouped under the following heads: (1) overruling the plea in abatement; (2) improper .remarks of the court; (3) improper rejection and reception of evidence; (4) failure to instruct the jury as requested, and the giving of improper instructions; (5) errors occurring after verdict.

1. Under this head the plaintiff in error first insists that his plea in abatement ought to have been submitted to a jury for trial. As said by this court in Jackson v. State, 91 Wis. 253, 265: “ Whenever an answer to a plea in abatement raises an issue. of fact which may be controverted by evidence dehors the record, then such issue is triable by jury. But whenever, as here, such issue is purely one of law, which has already beén conclusively determined, then it is necessarily to be decided by the court.” The answer of the district attorney raised no issue of fact on the plea, unless it can be said to have arisen by the allegation in the plea and the answer thereto that the second examination had'been instituted by the district attorney without his having discovered “ admissible evidence sufficient, in his judgment,” to convict the accused, under sec. 4656, Stats. 1898. The claim on the argument was that the defendant had a right to hаve the jury determine whether the evidence said to have been discovered by the district attorney, so as to warrant a second examination, was sufficient for that purpose.

The section above cited gives the district attorney authority, when “ the person complained of hаs been discharged for want of sufficient evidence to raise a probability of his guilt,” to hold a second preliminary examination, if he “shall afterwards discover admissible evidence sufficient, in his judgment, to convict the person discharged.” In this case the district attorney testified that such evidenсe had been discovered, and, in effect, that his judgment had been satisfied. When that appeared there was no issue of fact that could be raised, under any proper construction of the statute. When, acting in good faith, he decided that the evidence discovered was sufficient for the purpose indicated, that closed the matter to all future inquiry. To say that his conclusion is open to trial by jury is to substitute the judgment of qthers for that of the officer designated by law ‍‌​​​‌‌‌​​‌‌‌‌‌​‌​‌​‌​‌‌‌​​​​​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌​​​​‌‌‌‌‍and who was charged with a legal duty to make the determination. The law deals tenderly with the rights of accused persons, but we cannot believe that it was the legislative intent that the judgment of the prosecuting officer should thus be open to review, or that public policy demands that any such construction should be given to the statute.

A further contention in this connection is that the determination of the justiсe on the first examination, “ that there is not good reason to believe the offense stated in the complaint herein has been committed,” was an adjudication final and conclusive as between the parties, and a bar to any further prosecution. No authority in point was citеd to sustain this proposition, and we do not think one can be found in the books. The argument seems to be based upon a misapprehension of the purpose of a preliminary examination. It is not a trial in the sense that the accused has been put in jeopardy. Unless preventеd by statute, there may be as many successive examinations as the proper officials may choose to entertain. It takes the place of the former mode of investigation by a grand jury. It is but an inquiry into the facts to ascertain whether an offense has been committed and whethеr there is probable cause for charging the accused with the offense. The finding of the magistrate is not the ultimate determination of this matter as upon a trial. It is an investigation in the interest of public justice,' with a view of ascertaining responsibility for crime and developing the particulаrs thereof. The law does not require the magistrate to make any formal adjudication either that an offense has been committed or that there is probable ■cause to believe the accused guilty thereof. It simply requires him. to hold the party to bail or commit him if those facts appear, and to discharge him if they do not. State v. Leicham, 41 Wis. 565-573. The district attorney is not bound by the finding of the magistrate. Sec. 4656 authorizes him to proceed again under the circumstances herein-before noted, and, if the accused has been held to bail or •committed for trial, he may file an information fоr any offense which the facts disclosed on the examination warrant. Sec. 4653; State v. Leicham, supra; Porath v. State, 90 Wis. 527. Here the district attorney saw fit to institute a second examination. It was in no sense jurisdictional that he •should have recited in the proceedings that he had discovered additional evidence, nor was it any bar to his action that the former magistrate had concluded “ that the offense ■stated in the complaint ” had not been committed.

2. One of the most important questions on the trial, from •the standpoint-of plaintiff in error, was whether the blow which caused the death of Hale had been inflicted by thе ■cane in the hands of Collins or by the chair used by him. Upon being called upon to make a ruling as to testimony ■offered, the trial court made use of the following language: “ I think the question for the jury in this -case, if they are ■convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that a blow inflicted in the hall that night caused death, is to determine which blow.” This was followed by further ‍‌​​​‌‌‌​​‌‌‌‌‌​‌​‌​‌​‌‌‌​​​​​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌​​​​‌‌‌‌‍argument by counsel, when the court said: “ There is no proof in this case, and evidently there can be none, that would warrant the jury in ■coming to a conclusion that there was or was not a fracture resulting from the blow of the cane. Sо that really they are •asked to go outside of the realms of proof in the hypothetical question, so far as that particular is concerned.” The testimony showed that two blows had been struck,— the first by a cane in the hands of Collins, upon the right side ■of the head, which caused the deceaséd to stagger; the second was by a cbair in the hands of the accused. There was but one wound on the head of deceased, and that on the right side. The accused claimed that his blow did not reach the head. Yery many of the witnesses testify as to the blow with the cane. It is true the canе was light, weighing only thirteen ounces, yet the doctors say it -was possible that the fracture found might have been caused thereby. For the court to make use of the language quoted in the presence of the jury, and to leave it unqualified and as expressing his opinion of the facts in the cаse, was certainly erroneous and prejudicial.

3. We have examined with care the various objections to evidence and the ruling of the court thereon, none of which appears to have been of sufficient gravity to warrant extended discussion. The admission of the hat of thе deceased in evidence and of the chair used by the accused was not erroneous or harmful. We have more doubt as to the introduction of the portion of the skull, brain, and blood clot. They were certainly admissible, if deemed necessary to a thorough understanding of the force of the blow and the cause of death. Usually the medical testimony is sufficiently definite to cover all demands in this regard. The practice is to keep from the jury all those matters likely to excite sympathy or arouse prejudice, and it is only when the ends of justice demand it that the practice suggested should be overstepped. We cannot say that it was violated without warrant in this instance.

The court rejected the testimony of a witness who had heard deceased say, in a saloon, “ that if a row was expected, and if they had any trouble, he wanted to be notified, so he could take part in it.” The accused was in no way connected with the conversation, nor was its tenor made known to him before the affray occurred. It certainly could have had no effect on Ms conduct if he was ignorant of it. As between the accused and the deceased, there was no question as to who began the difficulty. There was no real dispute in the testimony, or denial .by the state that deceased first struck the accused a violent blow in the face. Such being the fact, we do not see how the admission of this conversation could have aided the case made. Sometimes statements and threats made by the deceased are admitted to show intent and his attitude towards the accused, as is noted in 3 Rice, Ev. § 363, but we do not think the facts disclosed in this case bring it within the lines of the decisions there noted.

4. Counsel for the accused rеquested the court to instruct the jury both as to justifiable and excusable homicide. The court submitted the most of the instructions requested as to justifiable homicide, but declined those requested as to its being excusable. It is insisted that there is ample evidence in the case to sustain the instructions requеsted. Sec. 4367, Stats. 1898, provides:

“Such homicide is excusable when committed by accident and misfortune in lawfully correcting a child or servant, or in doing any other lawful act by lawful means with usual and ordinary caution and without unlawful intent; or by accident ‍‌​​​‌‌‌​​‌‌‌‌‌​‌​‌​‌​‌‌‌​​​​​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌​​​​‌‌‌‌‍and misfortune in the heat of passion upon any sudden аnd sufficient provocation, or upon a sudden combat, without any undue advantage being taken and without any dangerous weapon being used, and not done in a cruel or unusual manner.”

The instruction requested covered the last two clauses of the section. The statute was intended to cover at least three or more distinct and separate situations. The homicide is excusable if committed under the circumstances stated while lawfully correcting a child or servant. It was also excusable if committed by accident or misfortune, in the heat of passion, upon any suddеn and sufficient provocation; also upon a sudden combat, if no dangerous weapon was used and no undue advantage was taken. The several classes of cases are stated in a disjunctive form, and, under ordinary rules of construction, each constitutes a class by itself, and if the facts bring the case within any one of them the killing was excusable. The facts already referred to indicate the lack of intent to kill on the part of accused. They show that the combat was sudden and unprovoked. Without warning, the deceased struck the accused a powеrful blow in the eye, which staggered him and turned him to the left. Rapidly and instantly he picked up the chair and struck. If it be assumed that the chair struck the head of deceased and caused death, it cannot be said that such killing was done in a cruel and unusual manner. The provocation was great, аnd if the jury believed it was sufficient every demand of the statute has been met, unless it can be said the chair used under the circumstances in proof was a dangerous weapon.

In Rowan v. State, 30 Wis. 129, the instrument used was a chair, and, as in this case, only one blow was struck, and that upon the head of deceasеd. This court said: “The thing used was not necessarily a dangerous weapon, and the blow struck was not necessarily of a dangerous tendency.” Ordinarily, what is a dangerous weapon is a question of law for the court (Miller v. State, 106 Wis. 156-167); yet the circumstances may be such, and the weapon used of such a kind, as to involve a question of fact for the jury. In Kouns v. State, 3 Tex. App. 13, it is said: “A chair is not necessarily a deadly weapon. Whether it is such must depend upon its size or weight, in connection with the manner of its use and the part of the person that is stricken by it.” In Sylvester v. State, 72 Ala. 201, the court says: “ A deadly weapon is one, not, as assertеd ‍‌​​​‌‌‌​​‌‌‌‌‌​‌​‌​‌​‌‌‌​​​​​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌​​​​‌‌‌‌‍in the instruction, a blow from which would oriMncvrily produce death, but one from which, as it was used, death would probably result; and an instrument or weapon used in inflicting injuries upon the person of another may or may not be esteemed deadly, according to the manner of its use and the subject on which it is used.” In discussing-the same question, the court of North Carolina ■says that an instrument may be deadly or not, according to the mode of using it or the subject upon which it is used, and, generally speaking, the decision of the question is for the court. State v. West, 6 Jones, Law, 505. In a Missouri ■case the trial court refused to instruct the jury that “neither a pocketknife nor a brickbat is a deadly weapon, within the •meaning of the law.” The supreme court disposed of the -question by saying: “ Whether either was a deadly weapon was properly referred to the jury as a question of fact.”

A review of the authorities leads us to this conclusion: In many cases the court may decide that a particular weapon was or was not a dangerous weapon, and when practicable it is the court’s duty to do so. But when the weapon might be dangerous or not, according to the manner in which it was used or the part of the body struck, the question must be left to the jury. U. S. v. Small, 2 Curtis, 241; State v. Dineen, 10 Minn. 407; Blige v. State, 20 Fla. 742; Dœring v. State, 49 Ind. 56. In case the evidence is in dispute as to the manner of its use or as to the part of the body stricken, the question of fact must be determined before it can be said .as a matter of law that it was or was not a dangerous weapon. Following the Rowan Case, wе say that the chair was not •necessarily a dangerous weapon. If the manner of its use .had been perfectly clear and without dispute, the court might have decided whether it was or was not such, as a matter of law, in this case. But the evidence and inferences therefrom are nоt without dispute. In relation to the question of excusable homicide, we think the evidence was ‍‌​​​‌‌‌​​‌‌‌‌‌​‌​‌​‌​‌‌‌​​​​​‌‌‌​‌​‌‌‌​‌​​​​‌‌‌‌‍such ■that the court should have submitted that phase of the case to “the jury, leaving them to say whether, under all the facts .and circumstances, the chair as used was a dangerous weapon. Thе court submitted that question to the jury when charging in relation to manslaughter in the third degree, and we think properly. The error arose from failing to submit the question of excusable homicide. He should have also told the jury what constituted excusable homicide, when considering the question of guilt under that dеgree of manslaughter.

5. The errors already discussed, being of sufficient gravity to work a reversal of the judgment, render it unnecessary to discuss the motion for a new trial on the ground of newly discovered evidence, or because of the alleged misconduct of one of the jurors.

By the Gourt.— The judgment is reversed, and the cause is remanded for a, new trial.

Case Details

Case Name: Campbell v. State

Court Name: Wisconsin Supreme Court

Date Published: Jun 20, 1901

Citation: 86 N.W. 855

Court Abbreviation: Wis.