175 Mo. 161 | Mo. | 1903
— This is a suit for damages under section 2864, Revised Statutes 1899, for the death of plaintiffs’ minor son which they allege was caused by the negligence of the servants of the defendant in running a car on its railway.
Defendant operates a street railway in ,St. Louis; the accident occurred at a point where defendant’s tracks cross "Whittier street. At that point defendant ’s tracks run east and west, and Whittier street north and south. Plaintiff’s son, who was sixteen years old,, was driving a grocery delivery wagon going south on Whittier street, shortly after six o ’clock in the evening-of November 3, 1899, when, as he was crossing defendant’s south track, the wagon was struck by a car with such violence that he was thrown out and instantly killed.
The answer was a genéral denial, and a plea that the plaintiffs’ son was negligent in that he drove on defendant’s track without looking or listening for an approaching car and thereby contributed to the accident.
Reply, general denial.
The testimony for plaintiffs tended to prove as follows:
Defendant’s tracks are laid in an alley that runs east and west between West'Bell street on the north and Morgan street on the south. It is an unusually wide alley, being about sixty feet in width, the defendant owning a right of way twenty feet wide through the center. There are two tracks, the north track being used for the west-bound cars and the south track for the cars east bound. Whittier street runs north and south, intersecting the above-named streets, alley and
It was not a regular passenger car, but a construction or repair car. It carried no headlight, but there were lights inside, and an incandescent bulb in the hood at the front of the car, with a reflection throwing the light upward, designed to enable the operator to see the wire overhead. The plaintiffs ’ witnesses variously estimated the speed of the car at twelve, fifteen and twenty miles an hour. It did not slacken its speed until it struck the wagon and it stopped about one hun
One of plaintiffs ’ witnesses who at the time of the accident was in the employ of the defendant and on this car, testified that it was his duty to put the headlight on the car and that he did so. The headlight was burning when the car left DeHodiamont, but whether it was burning when they reached Whittier street he did not know. This witness and another for plaintiffs’ testified that the car running twelve to twenty miles an hour ■could be stopped in thirty-five to fifty feet.
Over the objection of defendant the plaintiffs read in evidence a duly certified copy of an ordinance of the city, No. 19393, approved June 10, 1898, authorizing the defendant to build and operate a branch of its road through a portion of Union avenue to Forest Park, the conditions of which had been duly accepted in writing by the defendant and one clause of which was as follows: “The St. Louis & Suburban Railway Company,
Then over the objection of defendant, plaintiffs read in evidence from the volume of’ Revised Ordinances of 1892, section 1275 of Ordinance 17188, which provides that no car shall be drawn at a greater speed than eight miles an hour; that the motorman of each car shall keep a vigilant watch for all vehicles either on the track or moving towards it, and on the first appearance of danger to such vehicle the car shall be stopped in the shortest time and space possible; and that all cars after sunset shall be provided with signal lights.
At the close of the plaintiffs ’ evidence the defendant asked an instruction in the nature of a demurrer to the evidence which the court refused.
To the introduction of evidence over defendant’s objections and to the refusal of the instruction asked, exceptions were duly saved.
The evidence for defendant tended to show that the 'car was running ten or twelve miles an hour, that the headlight was burning and continued to burn until the lamp was broken in the collision; that the gong was sounded at a point sixty feet before reaching the street; that the motorman as he approached Whittier street had taken the slack out of the brake, which tends to slacken the speed and place the car under control; on approaching within six or eight feet of the street and seeing nothing on the crossing he let off the brake and then for the first time saw the horse on the west-bound track; he immediately set the brake and reversed the power, but the reverse action did not take effect and the collision resulted ; the car went sixty or seventy feet east of Whittier street before it stopped. The headlight did not illumine the whole street but only to the west-bound track. When the motorman let go the brake there was nothing
Defendant offered in evidence ordinance No. 15954 entitled, “An ordinance authorizing the St. Louis & Suburban Eailway Company to acquire, construct and maintain a double-track passenger railroad on, along and across certain streets, ^ alleys and city blocks in the city of St. Louis, ” etc., approved February 6, 1891.
This is the ordinance under which the defendant had acquired and was operating this part of its railway when the accident occurred and it authorized the defendant to run its cars on that part of its road at a rate of twenty miles an hour. Plaintiffs’ objected to the evidence on the ground that it was invalid in so far as it essayed to authorize defendant to run its cars at the rate of twenty miles an hour in the face of the general ordinance in evidence limiting the speed of cars to eight miles an hour, in violation of section 28, article 3 of the city charter, which provides'that “no special or general ordinance, which is in conflict or inconsistent with general ordinances of prior date, shall be valid or effectual until such prior ordinance; or the conflicting parts thereof, are repealed by express terms.” The court sustained the objections and defendant excepted.
The case was submitted to the jury on instructions which, together with other instructions asked and refused, will be hereinafter considered, exceptions thereto having been duly' saved. The result of the trial was a judgment for plaintiffs' for $5,000, from which defendant appeals.
I. The first question is, did the court err in refusing the instruction in the nature of a demurrer to the evidence?
That the boy could have seen the car coming if he had looked, may be inferred from the testimony of Annie Pierson, the witness for plaintiffs who stood at "the back gate of the house numbered 4188 West Bell ■street. She was the only one of the plaintiffs’ witnesses who was in a position to see it, and. she testified that she saw it when it was midway between Pendleton and Whittier streets and heard it also, and that it had no headlight. She was east of Whittier street and farther from the car than the boy was after he -came into the alley clear of the stable, and if there were any telegraph poles to obstruct his view they would have obstructed her view also. Then there was the testimony of three other witnesses for plaintiffs whQ although they were not in positions to see, yet testified that they heard the car coming and recognized what it was. There is room to suspect that Annie Pierson might have been mistaken-as to having seen the car if, as she said, it had no headlight, and if, as all the witnesses said, it was a dark foggy night. And yet it is not improbable that she did see it, because she had been standing there ten minutes, her eyes had become accustomed to the darkness, and
It was incumbent on the boy to have used his eyes and ears before driving on the track, and if all that, these witnesses said was true he would have seen or heard the car if he had stopped and looked and listened. Whilst it is the duty of one under such circumstances to look and listen, and sometimes it is his duty to stop in order the better to see and hear, yet. it is not always incumbent on him to stop for that purpose; whether he should do so or not in a given case depends on the circumstances, and if it is doubtful the jury are to judge of it. In this instance the boy .did not stop, and whether he looked or listened we can only judge by inference. It may be that he both looked and listened, but that he was deceived by the fact, if it was the fact, that there was no headlight, and that his listening was rendered ineffectual by the noise of his own wagon rattling over the vitrified brick pavement. It has often been said that a man approaching a railroad with the purpose of crossing it is chargeable with the duty to himself of looking and listening for a train. There is nothing technical about that rule; it is the dictate of common sense, and one’s conduct in relation to it must be judged with common sense. What the law requires is the exercise of that degree of care which such persons of ordinary prudence under like circumstances usually exercise. Te determine in a given case whether or not such care has been exercised, the triers of fact must consider who the person is, his age, condition, experience, the time, place and all the surrounding conditions. The most of what is said in our books on the subject of the duty of one about to cross a railroad track to look and listen, is said in cases of crossings of steam railroads in the country, but the principle applies also to crossings-
A fact to be borne in mind in this case is that this was not a passenger car, whose familiar appearance would be at once recognized by one used to seeing street cars, and for the like of which one would at a crossing naturally be on the lookout; but it was a construction car, whose outlines at night were not so easily seen, or if seen, recognized for what it was. Therefore, in passing on the question of whether the plaintiffs’ son was negligent in failing to see this car, we must remember that it was not such an object in appearance as one looking out for a car would expect to see and that it is possible that through the darkness he might have seen this object without recognizing what it was.
There is another important fact to be taken into consideration in passing on the question of contributory negligence in such case; that is the age and condition of the person whose conduct is under inquiry. Here was a boy sixteen years old, old enough to be held accountable for his acts, but not to be judged as we would judge a man of mature years. The question
We do not mean to say that a boy sixteen years old is to be excused when he fails to exercise that degree of care to be expected of an ordinarily prudent boy of that age, but we mean that he is to be measured by the standard of an ordinarily prudent boy, not. by that of an ordinarily prudent man of mature years. [Beach on Contributory Neg. (3 Ed.), sec. 216; 7 Am. and Eng. Ency. of Law (2 Ed.), 405; Plumley v. Birge, 124 Mass. 57.]
In this case the boy had a right to expect that there would be a headlight on any car on that road, and if he looked in both directions as he approached the tracks and saw no headlight, and if he then concluded for that reason that there was no car coming and drove on the track, the court had no right to say as a matter of law that he was guilty of contributory negligence. We do not mean to say that he was not guilty of contributory negligence or that the jury would not have been justified in finding him guilty, but we mean that men might reasonably differ about it and, therefore, it was for the jury to say whether under all the circumstances he was or was not guilty.
The (^ -”1 did not err in overruling the demurrer to the evidence.
The objection to the reading in evidence of section 1275, article 6, of ordinance 17188, from the volume of Revised Ordinances, was also properly overruled. That volume purported to' be published by authority of the city, and was admissible in evidence under section 3100, Revised Statutes 1899.
III. But it was error-to have sustained the plaintiff’s objection to ordinance 15954 offered in evidence-by defendant. That ordinance authorized the defendant to run its cars on the part of its road where-this accident occurred at twenty miles an hour. The objection was that the ordinance was invalid under
IV. One of the plaintiff’s witnesses, standing on the front porch of his residence at No. 4206 West Bell street, in which position he was about one hundred and twenty-five feet from the alley, with the house intervening, was permitted to give his opinion as to the speed of the car judging alone from the noise it made. He said it was running between twelve and fifteen miles an hour. It was not claimed that he had ever made any particular study of the subject, or that he had even ever been in .the business of operating street cars, but he had for.twenty years or more the common experience of a city man traveling on street cars.
Long training and study make men so proficient in particular subjects that they sometimes really know more than to the casual observer seems possible,' and therefore we ought to hesitate to pronounce as impossible the possession of such knowledge when it is claimed with a fair show of reason. But when very unusual technical knowledge is claimed, the party offering the evidence ought to be able to show the court that such attainment is practicable by experience and study, and that, it is so recognized in the par
V. For the plaintiff the court instructed the jury that as required by the city ordinance the defendant’s motorman “was bound to keep a vigilant watch for persons on foot and for vehicles either upon its track or moving towards it, and upon the first appearance of danger to such person or vehicle said motorman was bound to stop the car within the shortest time and space possible,” and that if he failed to do so he was guilty of negligence, and if such negligence caused the accident the defendant was liable, provided the deceased was himself exercising ordinary care.
Appellant contends that this instruction was erroneous for two reasons: first, that defendant had not agreed to be bound by the ordinance; second, tnat there was no evidence that the motorman did not keep a vigilant watch or that he did not stop the car in the shortest time and space possible upon the first appearance of danger.
What has already been said in paragraph II of •this opinion disposes of the first of these objections. The second objection, however, is more- serious. The plaintiffs are in the position of saying that the driver of the wagon could not see the car because the night was dark and foggy, and there was no headlight. The motorman was in no better position to see the wagon
Annie Pierson said she saw the car but did not see the wagon until it was struck. She was in a better position than the motorman was to see the wagon. One of the plaintiff’s witnesses, Schira, said that the motorman could see a wagon on Whittier street when ,he was one hundred and fifty feet west. But that witness did not come on the scene until after the accident had occurred, and what he said was only his opinion on a subject which, from aught that appears, he knew no more about than any one of the jurors trying the case. Plaintiffs insist that it was a dark foggy night and there was no headlight on the car. If those are the facts, then the only evidence that the motorman failed to keep a vigilant watch was the failure to have a headlight to enable him the better to see; for a man can not be said to keep a vigilant watch if he lets his lamp go out. But if it was dark and there was no headlight, and he could not see the wagon, what appearance of danger was there for him to guard against by stoppin'g the car in the shortest time and space possible? The ordinance does not require the motorman to stop the car on the first appearance of a vehicle approaching the track, but on the first appearance of danger; there must, therefore, be an appearance ■ of danger before the mandate ■ of the ordinance to stop the car is applicable. We are not now discussing the question of negligence in running a car in the dark without a headlight across a public street, but we are limiting our attention at present to the requirements of this ordinance.
If the plaintiffs be limited to their own testimony and to their own theory of a dark night and no headlight, there was no foundation in the evidence for the instruction now under- discussion. The only hypoth
There was no evidence available to the plaintiff, to support the hypothesis that the motorman failed to stop the car in the shortest time and space possible on the first appearance of danger. It was error, therefore, to have given that instruction.
VI. The second instruction given for plaintiff was based on the general ordinance which forbids the running of street cars at a greater speed than eight miles an hour; it instructed the jury that if the ear was being run at a greater speed than eight miles an hour, the act was negligence.
The giving of that instruction was error, for the same reason given in paragraph III of this opinion holding that the court erred in sustaining the objection to the ordinance allowing defendant to run its cars on that part of its road twenty miles an hour. From this, it follows also that it was error to have refused defendant’s instruction 9 which was the contrary to plaintiffs’ second instruction.
VII. The third instruction for plaintiffs is that the -burden of proving negligence on the part of the deceased was on the defendant and submits that question to the jury in unobjéctionable form. The objection appellant urges against it is that the evidence for plaintiffs, as well as that for defendant, shows so unquestionably that the deceased was guilty of, negligence the court should have so peremptorily ruled and have taken the case from the jury. We have discussed that question in the first paragraph of this opinion, and for the reason there shown it was not error to have given plaintiffs’ third instruction.
VIII. The court refused the following instruction asked by the defendant:
That instruction would exonerate the defendant notwithstanding the boy may have been misled into danger by the neglect of the defendant to have a headlight on its car and notwithstanding the fact that the failure of the motorman to discover the danger may have been caused by the absence of a headlight. The instruction was properly refused. The eighth instruction asked by the defendant has the same defect and was properly refused.
IX. The court refused the following:
“7. The court instructs the jury that if you believe from the evidence that when the dangerous position of Howard C. Campbell or of his wagon or team could have been discovered by the motorman by the exercise of ordinary care on his part, the car which struck said wagon was running at such a rate of speed that the said motorman in charge of said car could not stop the said car in time to avert a collision with said Campbell or his said wagon or team, by the exercise of ordinary care on the part of said motorman, and the use of the appliances at his command, then it is your duty to find a verdict for the defendant, even though you may believe from the evidence that the car which struck the wagon was running, at the time of the collision, or immediately before that time, at the highest rate of speed mentioned by any witness. ’ ’
If there had been any question in.this case as to. the liability of the defendant notwithstanding the neg
X. The court refused the following:
“10. The court instructs the jury that even though they believe from the evidence that Whittier street at and about the place where the collision occurred between the defendant’s car and the wagon and horse driven by the deceased was paved with vitrified brick, and that by reason of that character of pavement the horse and wagon driven by the deceased made such a noise when passing over the same that the deceased was unable to hear an approaching car while his horse and wagon were in motion, yet the jury are further instructed that it was then the duty, under such circumstances, of the deceased before entering upon defendant’s track to stop his horse and wagon so as to be able both to listen and to look for an approaching car, and to hear the noise of the same, if the jury believe from the evidence that the car in question made a noise that would enable him to hear it if the deceased had stopped and listened for .the same; and if the jury further believe from the evidence that by so stopping his horse and wagon he could have heard the approaching car before going upon the defendant’s track, and in time to avoid a collision, but that he failed to do so, but upon the contrary, went upon the track without stopping his horse and wagon for the purpose of listening for an approaching car, then in that case the jury are instructed that such conduct on the part of the deceased was negligent and the verdict of the jury should be for the defendant. ’ ’
The question whether or not ordinary care required a person about to cross a railroad track to stop the better to see and hear, is like the question whether or not the plaintiff in a given case was guilty of con
There is no doubt but that prudence required one in the condition of this boy to stop, and if he had stopped the probabilities are that he would have at least heard the car. But the question is, what degree of prudence required him to stop? The standard that he is to be judged by is that degree of prudence .that is reasonably to be expected of a sixteen-year-old boy, and, in this case, the question of- whether there was or was not a headlight to warn him was to be considered in determining whether he did or did not exercise that degree of prudence when he failed to stop. Whether, therefore, the degree of prudence with which he was chargeable demanded that the boy in this case 'should have stopped to look and listen, was a question of sufficient doubt to be left to the jury, and the court therefore did not err in refusing the instruction which declared it to be his duty as a matter of law to do so, and negligence if he did not.
XI. The court refused the following:
“11. The court instructs the jury that if they believe from the evidence that Howard C. Campbell drove upon the track of defendant’s line on Whittier street without looking and listening for an approaching car on said track, and that if said Howard C. Campbell had looked and listened for an approaching car before entering upon said track, he could have seen or heard the east-bound car approaching on the defendant’s track, then Howard C. Campbell failed to exercise ordinary care in so driving upon said track, and his said failure to look and listen was negligence on his part, and your verdict should be for the defendant.”
For the errors above mentioned the judgment is reversed and the cause remanded to be retried in accordance with the law as herein declared.