Camire v. Scieszka
358 A.2d 397
N.H.
1976
Check Treatment
Griffith, J.

Plaintiff, who is a resident of New Hampshire, seeks damages for property damage and personal injuries allegedly resulting from an accident between a car operated by the defendant, a resident of St. Louis, Missouri and the plaintiff. The *282 accident occurred in East Lyme, Connecticut. Plaintiff brought suit by attachment of the defendant’s insurance company, the State Farm Automobile Insurance Company. Defendant’s motion tjo dismiss wаs granted by the Trial Court, Mullavey, J., who resjerved and transferred the plaintiff’s exception.

Plaintiff in this case seeks to have us exercise quasi in rem jurisdiction in every action brought by a New Hampshire resident Against a foreign defendant for personal injuries sustained out-ride of the State when the plaintiff has attached in New Hampshire the liаbility policy of the defendant covering the accident. In Forbes v. Boynton, 113 N.H. 617, 313 A.2d 129 (1973), we decided that quasi in rem jurisdiction may be so оbtained against a defendant ‍​​​​‌​​‌‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​​​​​​‌‌​​‌​​‌‌‌‌​‌​​‌‌​‍resident of a jurisdiction which has itself adopted this rule, first formulated in Seider v. Roth, 17 N.Y.2d 111, 216 N.E.2d 312 (1966).

I The decision in the Forbes case left undecided the issue of total Application of the Seider rule with the following caveat of limitation: “We are not holding that the Seider rule is to be applied ¡generally to all casеs of foreign motorists insured by a company with an office in this State and licensed to do business in New ¡Hampshire. Wе are merely holding that under the circumstances ¡of this case in a suit by a resident of New Hampshire against a ¡resident of New York where the Seider rule prevails the trial court properly denied the defendant’s motion to dismiss plaintiffs acjtion.” Id. at 624, 313 A.2d at 133.

j The Seider rule based its allowance of jurisdiction attaching quasi ¡in rem by garnishment or trustee process of the defendant’s insurance policy on Robinson v. Carroll, 87 N.H. 114, 174 A. 772, 94 A.L.R. 1437 (1934). The Robinson case established that the rights jof a decedent in a liability insurance policy were ‍​​​​‌​​‌‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​​​​​​‌‌​​‌​​‌‌‌‌​‌​​‌‌​‍sufficient property to constitute an estate to support probаte jurisdiction. In Forbes we held that the rights of an insured in a liability policy ! after an accident could be reached by attachment by trustee pro-j cess of the insurer.

Acceptance or rejection of the Seider rule has generally been based upon whether or not thе company’s obligation to defend and indemnify may be attached by garnishment or trustee process. Accord, with Seider see Rintala v. Shoemaker, 362 F. Supp. 1044 (D. Minn. 1973); Turner v. Evers, 31 Cal. App. 3d Supp. 11, 107 Cal. Rptr. 390 (1973). Contra, Howard v. Allen, 254 S.C. 455, 176 S.E.2d 127 (1970); DeRentiis v. Lewis, 106 R.I. 240, 258 A.2d 464 (1969); State, Government Employees Ins. Co. v. Lasky, 454 S.W.2d *283 942 (Mo. App. 1970); Ricker v. Lajoie, 314 F. Supp. 401 (D. Vt. 1970). In our opinion application of the Seider rule does not automatically follow a ruling that a foreign defendant’s insurance policy may be attachеd by trustee process on the insurer doing business in this State and our caveat in Forbes so indicated.

It should be noted that the quasi in rem jurisdictiоn asserted differs from in rem jurisdiction involving disputes over title to property within the jurisdiction of the State. In the lattеr situation, the State has always accepted in rem jurisdiction without reference to the residencе of the parties. Kidd v. Traction Co., 72 N.H. 273, 56 A. 465 (1903). In the quasi in rem .cases it is not enough to say the defendant nonresident’s property has been attached in this State and so jurisdiction ‍​​​​‌​​‌‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​​​​​​‌‌​​‌​​‌‌‌‌​‌​​‌‌​‍lies, particularly when the situs of the property is here only because the attachment was made in this State rather than another State.

The quasi in rem jurisdiction is best analyzed in terms of the two-pronged test this court has applied in the context of in personam jurisdiction. “First, the exercise of jurisdiction has to be reasonable from the standpoint of New Hampshire’s interest in the litigation. Second, it has to be consistent with principles of fair play and substantial justice.” Leeper v. Leeper, 114 N.H. 294, 296, 319 A.2d 626, 628 (1974). In thus applying the traditional in personam test to assertion of quasi in rem jurisdiction, we adopt the approach suggested in Atkinson v. Superior Court, 49 Cal. 2d 338, 316 P.2d 960 (1957). “In the absеnce of a settled rule governing the situation before us, and in light of the fact that an intangible may be subjectеd to the jurisdiction of the court without personal jurisdiction over all of the parties involved for some purposes but not for others, we conclude that the solution must be sought in the general principles governing jurisdiction over persons and property rather than in an attempt to assign a fictional situs to intangibles.” Id. at 345, 316 P.2d at 964 (Traynor, J.).

A number of the critics of the Seider rule have cited the Atkinson approach as a possible solution to the problems created by Seidеr. See Minichiello v. Rosenberg: Garnishment of Intangibles - In Search of a Rationale, 64 Nw. U. L. Rev. 407, 422 (1969); Stein,Jurisdiction by Attachment of Liability Insurance, 43 N.Y.U.L. Rev. 1075, 1109 (1968); Seider v. Roth: The Constitutional Phase, 43 St. John’s L. Rev. 58, 81 (1968); Attachment of Liability Insurance Policies, 53 Cornell L. Rev. 1108, 1116 (1968); Comment, 8 B.C. Ind. & Com. L. Rev. 147, 151 (1967).

In Forbes the fact that the defendant over whom quasi in rem *284 jurisdiction was exercised through his insurance policy was a resident ‍​​​​‌​​‌‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​​​​​​‌‌​​‌​​‌‌‌‌​‌​​‌‌​‍of New York bore upon the question of fair play under the Leeper formula. The Forbes case provided other compelling reasons under the Leeper rule for assumption of quasi in rem jurisdiction. In Forbes, two of the three litigants, the plaintiff and one of the efendants, were residents of New Hampshire. Furthermore, ;iven thаt the statute of limitations had run in Maine, the place of he accident, and that New York apparеntly would not allow a onresident plaintiff to invoke the Seider rule so as to be able to sue the New Hampshire dеfendant in New York (Farrell v. Piedmont Aviation, Inc., 411 F.2d 812, 817 (2d Cir. 1969). But see McHugh v. Paley, 63 Misc. 2d 1092, 314 N.Y.S.2d 208 (1970)), New Hampshire’s interest in the litigation was sufficient to make the assumption of jurisdiction reasоnable. The avoidance of dual trials coupled with the broad jurisdiction asserted by the defendant’s forum made the exercise of jurisdiction consistent with the principles of fair play and substantial justice.

Applying this tеst to the facts in the present case leads to the conclusion that assumption of quasi in rem jurisdiction would be parochial and unreasonable. The only New Hampshire contact is the residence of the New Hampshire plaintiff. The Missouri defendant has in no way invoked New Hampshire jurisdiction by entering our State and сould not obtain quasi in rem jurisdiction over the plaintiff’s insurance policy in Missouri. Only in Connecticut where both pаrties were amenable to suit and in personam jurisdiction can all litigants obtain a full trial on the merits.

The minimal contact of New Hampshire in this case would not ‍​​​​‌​​‌‌​‌‌​​​​‌​‌​‌‌‌‌​​​​​​‌‌​​‌​​‌‌‌‌​‌​​‌‌​‍support in personam jurisdiction had it been obtainable (See Mulhern v. Holland America Cruises, 393 F. Supp. 1298, 1303 (D.N.H. 1975)) and no special circumstances exist to justify the assumption of quasi in rem jurisdiction.

Exception overruled.

Grimes, J., concurred in the result; the others concurred.