Appellant relies on Chapter 8.40 of the San Luis Obispo County Code, which is intended to prevent groundwater pollution or contamination during well construction. We conclude that issuance of a well permit is a ministerial action under the ordinance. If an applicant meets fixed standards, County must issue a well permit. The ordinance does not require use of personal or subjective judgment by County officials. There is no discretion to be exercised. CEQA does not apply. We affirm.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
In 2016, County issued permits to construct wells on land belonging to four agricultural enterprises, who are the real parties in interest (RPIs).
Appellant petitioned for a writ of mandate, challenging RPIs' well permits. As amended, the petition alleges that County made a discretionary decision to issue permits allowing RPIs to extract groundwater; this requires environmental review under CEQA. The petition states, "As a result of its de facto policy of processing all well permit applications as ministerial, the County has conducted no analysis whatsoever of the cumulative impacts associated with its ongoing approval of several dozen, if not hundreds, of well construction permits over the past several years."
Appellant alleges that County "prejudicially abused its discretion by approving the well permits without first evaluating whether it may have significant individual or cumulative impacts on the environment, in violation of CEQA." The petition requests an order directing County to set aside its actions in issuing well permits and comply with CEQA before approving or denying the well applications.
Appellant countered that County bypassed public disclosure of potentially significant impacts to groundwater resources by characterizing its review of well applications as purely ministerial, failing to evaluate the severity of the impacts and identify mitigation measures with the benefit of public review and comment. Appellant asserted that County has broad discretion to impose environmental conditions on well permits, beyond the objective requirements specified in state Department of Water Resources (DWR) Bulletins.
The trial court concluded that the standards for issuing a well drilling permit are ministerial, with no discretion to shape a project to address environmental concerns. Accordingly, CEQA did not apply. The court sustained the demurrers and entered judgment for respondents.
DISCUSSION
1. Review
Review is de novo. ( Committee for Green Foothills v. Santa Clara County Bd. of Supervisors (2010)
2. Overview: State Water Policy Principles
State policy requires that water resources be put to beneficial use. Our Constitution declares that "the general welfare requires that the water resources of the State be put to beneficial use to the fullest extent of which they are capable, and that the waste or unreasonable use or unreasonable method of use of water be prevented, and that the conservation of such waters is to be exercised with a view to the reasonable and beneficial use thereof in the
Groundwater belongs to the state, "but may be extracted by those with the right to do so, including those whose land overlies the groundwater source." ( Delaware Tetra Technologies, Inc. v. County of San Bernardino (2016)
3. Discretionary vs. Ministerial Acts
CEQA applies to projects subject to discretionary approval by the government; it does not apply to ministerial acts. ( Pub. Res. Code, § 21080, subds. (a), (b)(1).) A project is an activity that may cause either a direct physical change in the environment, or a reasonably foreseeable indirect change (Id ., § 21065) with "tangible physical manifestations that are perceptible by the senses." ( Martin v. City and County of San Francisco (2005)
A ministerial action is one "involving little or no personal judgment by the public official as to the wisdom or manner of carrying out the project. The public official merely applies the law to the facts as presented but uses no special discretion or judgment in reaching a decision. A ministerial decision involves only the use of fixed standards or objective measurements, and the public official cannot use personal, subjective judgment in deciding whether or how the project should be carried out." ( Cal. Code Regs., tit. 14, § 15369.)
The legislative rationale for excluding purely ministerial projects from CEQA "implicitly recognizes that unless a public agency can shape the project in a way that would respond to concerns raised in an EIR [Environmental Impact Report] ... environmental review would be a meaningless exercise." ( Mountain Lion Foundation v. Fish & Game Com. (1997)
4. The County Well Construction Ordinance
Chapter 8.40 of the County Code addresses wells. This includes wells to extract water for irrigation. (Id., § 8.40.020.)
Well permit applications submitted to the County must list the proposed well location, depth and use, and describe nearby property lines, sewage disposal systems, water courses or bodies, drainage patterns, existing wells, and access roads. Only licensed well drilling contractors may obtain permits. (§ 8.40.040(a), (c).)
Well permits "shall be issued" if they comply with County and state standards. (§ 8.40.040(e).) County standards require specified well seal depths, which appellant concedes are ministerial. (§ 8.040.060(b).) Though groundwater extraction is limited in "the coastal zone" to satisfy the state Coastal Act (§ 8.040.065), appellant concedes that RPIs' wells are not within "the coastal zone." This leaves open only the
5. State DWR Standards Incorporated Into County Code Chapter 8.40
County Code Chapter 8.40 incorporates DWR well standards. (§ 8.40.060(a).) DWR sets "minimum standards of well construction" ( Wat. Code, § 231 ) to "protect the quality of water used or that may be used for any
DWR Bulletin No. 74-81, entitled "Water Well Standards: State of California," reads: "To ensure the continued utility of our underground resources, they must be protected. Standards for both the construction of water wells and the destruction of abandoned wells can help protect ground water quality." It gives specifications for well construction, including the required distance between wells and sources of contamination (sewers, sewage leech fields, cesspools, animal enclosures); well seals; surface features; casing material, etc.
Bulletin No. 74-81 notes that careless well construction can create a physical connection between pollution (unsanitary and inferior-quality water) and usable water, citing "water-borne disease outbreaks," "undesirable chemicals, both toxic and nontoxic," and "seawater intrusion" as adverse effects on groundwater. The bulletin's construction standards aim to prevent "contamination and pollution" and ensure sanitary water quality.
DWR Bulletin No. 74-7, from 1971, specifically addresses County. It lists "high nitrate concentrations" in County groundwater-from waste disposal and use of fertilizers-as a source of public and private concern, and refers to a 1964 typhoid epidemic in Nipomo caused by the pollution of well water with septic tank wastes. The Bulletin adopts standards for the Arroyo Grande Basin "to prevent impairment of water quality" from improperly constructed, abandoned or defective wells.
6. County Code Chapter 8.40 Is Ministerial and Does Not Purport to Give County Any Discretion
Section 8.40.040 (e) states that well permits "shall be issued" if state and County standards are met. Appellant cites no case in which a landowner who wished to construct a well was subject to a full CEQA review requiring an environmental impact report. Issuance of building permits "shall be presumed to be ministerial" under CEQA absent any discretionary provision
Appellant concedes that County standards (relating to well seal depths) are ministerial, but argued below that state standards give County discretion to deny permits based on the cumulative depletion of groundwater.
The DWR Bulletins contain technical specifications. Appellant does not contend that the applicants here failed to satisfy the specifications. County did not impose extra conditions beyond the standards imposed by the DWR Bulletins. (See Day v. City of Glendale (1975)
DWR Bulletin No. 74-81 allows localities to deviate from state standards and enact different standards for "unusual conditions." County did not deviate from DWR standards in adopting section 8.40.060(a): it reads, "Standards for the construction, repair, modification or destruction of wells shall be as set forth" in DWR Bulletins. The standards set forth in the Bulletins are technical requirements that do not call for the exercise of subjective judgment.
The purpose of Chapter 8.40 is to prevent contamination or pollution of groundwater during well construction, repair, modification or destruction. Only an impermissible rewriting of the ordinance would allow us to infer a legislative intent to condition well permits on pump limits or subsidence monitoring, which have nothing to do with groundwater pollution. The County has no discretion to impose water
Appellant's claim that County has some discretion in issuing well permits does not affect our analysis. " 'CEQA does not apply to an agency decision simply because the agency may exercise some discretion in approving the project or undertaking. Instead to trigger CEQA compliance, the discretion must be of a certain kind; it must provide the agency with the ability and authority to "mitigate ... environmental damage" to some degree.' " ( San Diego Navy Broadway Complex Coalition v. City of San Diego (2010)
The well permitting ordinance does not become discretionary merely because it states that an applicant must include any "information as may be necessary to determine if underground waters will be protected." (§ 8.40.040(a)(6).) The subcontext of this provision is whether underground waters will be protected from contamination or pollution . (§ 8.40.010.) The ordinance does not give County discretion to shape a well permit to mitigate potential environmental damage arising from groundwater overuse. The instruction to applicants to include all necessary information does not transform the inquiry into a discretionary review.
A new state law addresses groundwater depletion . The Legislature enacted the Sustainable Groundwater Management Act (SGMA) in 2014, empowering local agencies to adopt groundwater management plans tailored to community resources and needs. ( Wat. Code, § 10720 et seq. ) In 2015, County began implementing groundwater preservation measures. (E.g., County Ord. No. 3307 [requiring groundwater conservation in specified areas] and County Resolution No. 2015-288 [regarding a countywide water conservation program].)
Appellant did not and cannot plead a cause of action requiring County to comply with CEQA before issuing well permits under County Code Chapter 8.40. No aspect of that ordinance, or the DWR standards it incorporates, supports an interpretation that well permits are discretionary. Instead, the statutory scheme imposes fixed technical requirements. When those requirements are met-and appellant does not allege otherwise-issuance of a well permit is a ministerial act. CEQA does not apply to the ministerial act of issuing a well permit.
DISPOSITION
The judgment is affirmed. Costs are awarded to respondents, as the prevailing parties on appeal. ( Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.278(a)(1).)
We concur:
GILBERT, P. J.
TANGEMAN, J.
Notes
RPIs are Lapis Land Company, LLC; Justin Vineyards and Winery, LLC; Paso Robles Vineyards, Inc.; and Moondance Partners, LP.
Unlabeled section references are to the San Luis Obispo County Code.
Section 8.40.060(a) does not list DWR Bulletin No. 74-90, a supplement to Bulletin No. 74-81. However, County admittedly uses Bulletin No. 74-90. The supplement pursues the theme that "Improperly constructed ... wells are a potential pathway for introducing poor quality water, pollutants, and contaminants to good-quality ground water" by allowing them to enter the well bore or pass into an aquifer. While recommending "minimum statewide standards for the protection of ground water quality," Bulletin No. 74-90 notes that local agencies "may need to adopt more stringent standards for local conditions to ensure ground water quality protection."
In its reply brief, appellant disclaims a goal of preserving water supplies. This contradicts appellant's argument to the trial court that the purpose of the ordinance "is to protect groundwater resources ... not just quality, but ... also supply." Counsel stated, "I think the intent of the standards is to protect the resources, to protect the groundwater supply both in terms of quality and sustainable use in the future."