Cahill v. Illinois Central Railroad

148 Iowa 241 | Iowa | 1910

Weaver, J.

The plaintiff was a section foreman in the service of defendant at Winthrop, Iowa. In the- work of repairing and mending the railway track he and his gang of three men were supplied with, a push car on which tools or materials were transported or moved from place to place. It was their duty to be on the lookout for trains, and in proper time before the arrival of one to remove the push car from the track. On the day in question, plaintiff and his men were in the line of duty, moving their car with their -tools and repair material along the track to 'the eastward, when they discovered the approach of a train and set abou-t the work of clearing the track. The car was furnished with a convenient handle at each of it-s four corners, and the gang, following the usual method, each laid hold of a handle and, lifting the vehicle, carried it to the north side of the track. The snow at that .point was about eighteen inches deep. It was the custom in thus removing the ear to let it down at the word or call of the foreman or some other member of the gang when it had been carried to a safe distance from the track. On this occasion, when the car had cleared the north rail but a short distance, and while the plaintiff was carrying the northwest corner, some one of the other three men either purposely or accidently let go his hold, causing plaintiff to fall "in such manner that he was -struck by the handle or frame of the car, receiving injuries which disabled him for a year or more. Immediately as he fell, and while still under the car which had fallen on him, one of the men came to his assistance, saying: “I dropped the car 'and didn’t mean to. Are you hurt?” This is the case as made by the plaintiff, and, as he was denied the right to go to the jury, we are required to give the testimony the construction most favorable to him.

1. Railroads: injury to sectionman: negliggeance sectionman: Se?tédewieth°on’ rafiway°nfe°íow The single question presented is whether, upon such construction of the record, we can say that a verdict for the plaintiff could be upheld. This depends in a degree upon the nature of the service in which he was employed and of the negligence of which he complains. If the negligence (if any there was) can fairly be said to have been “connected with the use and operation of the railroad on or about which he was employed,” then he comes within the protection of Code, section 2071, and the fellow-servant rule will not prevent his recovery of damages. The “operation of a railway” includes something more than the transportation of freights and passengers, and the army of employees connected with its “use and operation” includes within its ranks more than those who are engaged in the moving of trains. A very appreciable proportion of the operation of a railway has to do with its maintenance •and repair, and especially where such work involves the movement of engines or of ears of various kinds and uses. For instance, the statute has been held to include within its protection the-shoveler unloading gravel from a gravel car (McKnight v. Railroad Co., 43 Iowa, 406); the shoveler in the gravel bank loading a car (Deppe v. Railroad Co., 36 Iowa, 52); one engaged in operating a derrick erected on a flat car (Nelson v. Railroad Co., 73 Iowa, 576); clinker man (Butler v. Railroad Co., 87 Iowa, 206); coal handlers while coaling a standing engine (Akeson v. Railroad, 106 Iowa, 54); track men distributing rails with the aid of an engine and cable (Williams v. Railroad Co., 121 Iowa, 270); section men in the nse of a hand car (Mikesell v. Railroad Co., 134 Iowa, 736; Larson v. Railroad Co., 91 Iowa, 81); construction car moving over a temporary track (Mace v. Boedker, 127 Iowa, 721). In the Larson case this court cited with approval Railroad Co. v. Artery, 137 U. S. 507 (11 Sup. Ct. 129, 34 L. Ed. 747) in which it was held that the use of a hand car by section men was an employment connected with the operation of a railway within the meaning of our statute. See, also, Smith v. Railroad Co., 99 Iowa, 617, and Frandsen v. Railroad Co., 36 Iowa, 372.

It is generally held by all courts where statutes similar to our Code, section 2071, have been enacted, that the provision is intended for the benefit of those railway employees, no matter in what department of service, whose duty for the time being exposes them to the dangers and hazards peculiar to the operation of railways. And surely when a man, in pursuance of his employment, rides or pushes or manages a hand car along the rails to transport tools or material or men, his service is as certainly “connected with the operation of a railway” as is the man who handles the throttle upon an engine which pulls or pushes a car loaded with gravel or other road building material. So, also, the danger- to which the section hand is exposed in moving his car along the track from the approach of trains having the right of way is danger peculiar to railroading, and as his duty requires him, under such circumstances, to remove his car from the rails until the train has passed, and then to replace i-t and proceed, such service never ceases to be connected with the operation of the railroad, and, so far as any danger attends such service, it must be classed with the hazards of railroad operation. If the railway company should provide side tracks and switches for the benefit of seetionmen and their hand cars, their work in taking to such side tracks for the passing of trains would be so obviously connected with the operation of the railway that few would think of questioning it; and when the company obviates the necessity of side tracks and switches for such use by furnishing a car which the men can carry, and requires them to do their “switching” by lifting it bodily from the rails and replacing it when the danger has passed, we are very clear that in so doing they are still assisting in the operation of the road. This conclusion finds support in cases from other states as well as our own. Hardt v. Railroad Co., 130 Wis. 512 (110 N. W. 427); Steffenson v. Railroad Co., 45 Minn. 355 (47 N. W. 1068, 11 L. R. A. 271).

There is nothing in Dunn v. Railroad Co., 130 Iowa, 580, inconsistent with the view here expressed. In that case no question of the use of a hand car arose. The only inquiry there was whether the injury caused by'a passing engine striking an iron bar negligently left on the track and hurling it against a section hand standing on the right of way was of -the class covered by Code, section 2071, and a majority of this court held that it was not. Until the majority recedes from that holding, it remains the law of this state for cases of that kind; but neither in fact or principle is the case at bar within the rule of that precedent. In this connection we may as well refer also to the case of Andrews v. Railroad Co., 129 Iowa, 162, which is cited by appellee as having an important bearing on the questions presented by the present appeal. In that case plaintiff was injured by the falling or dropping of a hand car which he and others were carrying. No negligence was charged against the fellow workman who dropped the car, nor was the question raised whether in carrying the car they were engaged in the operation of a railroad within the meaning of our statute. The negligence alleged was the act or omission of the foreman in permitting the coming train to get too near before clearing the track, whereby the work had to be done in such a hurry that it caused one of the men to stumble and lose his hold on the ear. We held that there was no sufficient showing that the delay by the foreman was the proximate cause of the injury. The decision has little, if any, bearing upon the issue now under consideration.

2. Negligence: presumption. We turn now to the question whether there was any evidence upon which the jury could find that there was negligence on the part of plaintiff’s fellow workman in dropping the car without warning. Counsel for app0]qee gay that no presumption of negligence arises from the mere happening of an accident. A better statement of the rule is that no presumption of negligence arises from the mere fact of injury to the plaintiff. Such presumption may and often does arise from the nature of the cause or manner of the injury. Tor instance, the mere fact that a trainman is' injured while engaged in the line of Ms duty will not justify an inference of negligence on the part of his employer; but, if it appear that the injury was received in a collision between two trains of the same company moving in opposite directions on the same track, an inference of negligence does arise. The fact that a workman in a mine or quarry suffers injury from the explosion of a blast will not alone entitle him to recover damages from his master; but if it further appear that he was entitled to a warning and opportunity to escape before the blast was fired, and that no warning was given, a very different rule prevails. There may have been no negligence in either case. In the one, control of an engine may have been lost from causes against which reasonable care could not have provided, and, in the other, the blast may have been prematurely ignited without fault of any one; but the injured party suing for damages has never been held to negative all such possible explanations. As is said in Railroad Co. v. Webb, 12 Ohio St. 475: “In proving the injury, the plaintiff . . . may and often does prove such circumstances, under which the injury was received, as raise a presumption of carelessness. or negli-1 gence, aPd in such case the burden of disproving the presumption by explaining the oiroumstances so as to render their existence consistent with the absence of any negligence would devolve upon the defendant.” This rule has been applied to cases where a railway switch has been found open, Railroad Co. v. Johnson, 23 Tex. Civ. App. 160 (55 S. W. 772); where a car escapes and runs wild, Coal, Iron & Ry. Co. v. Hayes, 97 Ala. 201 (12 South. 98); where a stone is being lifted over a workman and it falls upon him, Smith v. Baker (65 L. T. N. S. 467); where a girder falls from a building in the course of construction, Wight v. Poczekai, 130 Ill. 139 (22 N. E. 543); where a bucket used in hoisting coal is prematurely tripped, Cummings v. Furnace Co., 60 Wis. 603 (18 N. W. 742, 20 N. W. 665); where a steel rail'was thrown from a pile without warning to those below, Railroad Co. v. Koehler, 37 Kan. 463 (15 Pac. 567); where a piece of timber was being handled by fellow servants, one of whom turned the stick prematurely to the injury of another, Railroad Co. v. Brassfield, 51 Kan. 167 (32 Pac. 814); where section hands were carrying a heavy steel rail, and one of them suddenly let go his hold causing injury to his fellow workman, Blomquist v. Railroad Co., 65 Minn. 69 (67 N. W. 804). Many others of similar nature might be cited.

3 Same: negligence: evidence: In the case at bar the evidence tended to show that, in lifting the car from the track, it was the custom of the gang to give a word of warning when ready to set it down. The P^bIíE was foreman, and the one from whom the word would naturally be expected, though under the evidence it might perhaps be given by any one of the gang. The foreman was at the northwest corner substantially in the direction the car was 'being carried. He was faced away from the car with the handle lifted about his hip and somewhat behind him. The man Penny was at the southwest corner, and it was lie as plaintiff testifies, who let go bis bold or dropped tbe car; no word of warning having been given by any one. These facts are, in our opinion, sufficient to make tbe question .of due care on tbe part of Penny one for tbe consideration of tbe jury. Tbe fact that be dropped bis corner of the car and did it without warning is shown. There is nothing, except bis exclamation or statement to which we shall soon refer, to show that bis act was not voluntary or due to bis carelessness. Such being tbe case and no explanation or denial appearing, tbe jury could rightfully find, if indeed it was not bound to presume, that the act was a voluntary one, or one of pure heedlessness.

Does the statement made by Penny: “I dropped the car. I didn’t mean to. Have I hurt you ?” — introduce any element into the case which obviates the result above indicated ? We think not. Independent of this statement, there is evidence that be is the one who dropped the car, and the effect of that proof is not neutralized by his declaration that be did not mean to do it. But even conceding the literal truth, it is not inconsistent with bis alleged negligence. Counsel is not correct in the assumption that, if an act is inadvertent, it is therefore not negligent, for, generally speaking, the very essence of negligence is inadvertence. . Only the malignant or vicious intend injury to others, and such intentional injury is willful, but not negligent in the proper sense of the word. Were there any evidence here that Penny lost bis bold by reason of slipping or stumbling, or other cause consistent with due care on bis part, the cases of Bolsem v. Railroad Co., 140 Iowa, 73, and Tibbets v. Railroad Co., 138 Iowa, 178, and and other precedents of that class cited by appellee would be pertinent; but tbe record discloses nothing except that Penny, whose duty it was to bold up bis corner until tbe word was given, dropped it. Presumptively such act was voluntary, and, being a violation of the duty which be owed to others engaged in lifting tbe car, it was negligent. His statement after the injury that he “did not mean to” may have been and probably was, competent evidence as a part of the res gestae; but it .would be going entirely too far to say it was conclusive of the question of his due care.

For the reasons stated, it was error to direct a verdict, and the judgment appealed from is therefore reversed.