74 F. 285 | 7th Cir. | 1896
Lead Opinion
This is an action on the case for personal injury suffered by Maria Cahill, the plaintiff in error, who, when attempting, afoot, to cross a switching track of the defendant in error at the Union Stock Yards, in Chicago, was struck and run over by a backing engine, whereby she lost both feet, and suffered other serious bodily injuries. The action was commenced in the Cook county circuit court, and transferred thence to the court below, where additional counts to the declaration were filed, in the first of which it is charged that on the 25th day of November, 1892, the defendant was operating and moving a locomotive, with two freight cars attached thereto, upon a certain railroad track, across which lay and ran a well-known and generally and publicly used path and passageway for pedestrians, in which path the plaintiff was walking, as she and the public were accustomed to do, and while she was so walking, and was exercising due and proper care, the defendant’s servants “did so negligently, willfully, recklessly, wantonly, and care< lessly move and run the said engine and cars towards and against plaintiff as thereby to throw plaintiff to the ground.” This is a good charge of negligent injury. The allegation that the path was well known and publicly used, in the absence of a special demurrer, or a motion'to make more specific, is equivalent to an averment of notice to the railroad company of the existence of the path.
While the place of the accident, it is conceded, was not a highway, or other established public crossing, yet for many years great numbers, counting thousands daily, of men, women, boys, and girls, were accustomed to cross there, morning and evening, when going to and returning from their work. Of this custom the defendant in error, and other railroad companies possessing and using adjacent tracks, were not ignorant; and their consent to it, if not admitted, was fairly inferable. No earnest efforts were made, nor‘efficient means shown to have been employed, to cause people to desist from passing that way, though a few rods of fence along the east side of Packers avenue, it is apparent, would have been sufficient for the purpose. If such a fence could not have been erected without the consent of the
“Tlie principle, clearly settled by tbe foregoing and many other cases that might be cited, is that wbon a railroad company has for years, without oh-*288 jection, permitted the public to cross its tracks at a certain point, not in itself a public crossing, it owes the duty of reasonable care toward those using the crossing; and whether, in a given case, such reasonable care has been exercised,-or not, is ordinarily a question for the jury, under all the evidence.”
In Roth v. Union Depot Co. (Wash.) 43 Pac. 641, where there is a discriminating review of cases, it is held that a company’s acquiescence in the daily use of its track for travel afoot by 50 to 100 people imposes on the company a duty of ordinary diligence to avoid injury to persons using the track. In Railway Co. v. Dick (Ky.) 15 S. W. 665, involving the same question, it was said that “undoubtedly the appellee ought not to be regarded as a trespasser upon the yard of the company,” because he “was crossing the tracks by the permission of the company. It had, by its acquiescence in the work hands crossing them for a long time, licensed them to do so. It was permitting such use, and it had, therefore, by its own conduct, imposed upon itself a precautionary duty, as to the appellee, when he might be crossing its tracks in going from and returning to his work.” To the same effect are Railway Co. v. Wymore (Neb.) 58 N. W. 1120; Ward v. Southern Pac. Co. (Or.) 36 Pac. 166. See, also, Townley v. Railway Co., 53 Wis. 626, 11 N. W. 55; Whalen v. Railway Co., 75 Wis. 654, 44 N. W. 849; Conley v. Railway Co. (Ky.) 12 S. W. 764; Railway Co. v. Crosnoe, 72 Tex. 79, 10 S. W. 342; Railway Co. v. Meigs, 74 Ga. 857; Southerland v. Railroad Co., 106 N. C. 101, 11 S. E. 189; Frick v. Railway Co., 5 Mo. App. 435; Palmer v. Railway Co., 112 Ind. 252, 14 N. E. 70. It is, of course, a question of fact, in each case, whether there has been, with the consent or acquiescence of the railroad company in possession, such a public and customary use of the supposed crossing as to justify the presence upon the track of the person injured. Taylor v. Canal Co., supra; Chenery v. Railroad Co., 160 Mass. 211, 35 N. E. 554.
We are asked, however, to affirm the judgment on the ground of contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff in error. It is within our power to examine the evidence, and to affirm the judgment on that ground, if in accordance with the rule laid down in Hayes v. Railroad Co. (just decided by this court) 74 Fed. 279, we should find the proof to be without conflict, and convincing; but we do not deem it obligatory upon us, in this instance, to enter upon that inquiry., The record shows affirmatively that the circuit court based its decision upon the proposition which we have considered, and if, after declaring that untenable, we should affirm the judgment on another ground, our action would be primary, and not, as is contemplated by a writ of error, merely a review. If the record showed simply a peremptory instruction for a verdict one way or the other, it would be necessary to consider whether or not, upon any view of the entire evidence, the instruction was right; but when the ground of the decision is disclosed, as in such cases it ought perhaps always to be, and especially when there is, or can reasonably be, dispute about the facts, or about the inferences of fact deducible from the evidence,’ we think it the better practice that the review on writ of error should not extend beyond the question considered below. Ordinarily a correct decision will be affirmed, though pred
While we have treated the judgment in this case as if it had been rendered upon a verdict of the jury delivered in accordance with the court’s peremptory direction, the fact is not literally so. The record shows that the jurors, at the conclusion of the charge, refused to render a verdict for the defendant, severally stating that they could not conscientiously do so, whereupon the court said: “Very well. You may retire to your room, and return with such a verdict as you may find.” The jury accordingly retired, but were recalled into court at a later hour, and directed again to return a verdict for the defendant; but, one juror still holding out, counsel for the plaintiff was permitted to stipulate of record that a judgment of «dismissal might be entered, to have the same force and effect, and none other, iban a verdict for the defendant under the direction of the court, but that plaintiff should be considered as excepting to such direction, and also to such order of dismissal, and thereupon the court ordered such dismissal, and the plaintiff there
Dissenting Opinion
(dissenting). The court upholds the right of the plaintiff in error to recover under the first of the additional counts filed at the trial, and upon the evidence shown by the record, if the jury should find, upon such evidence, that the railway company was guilty of negligence. This is the only count of the declaration upon which judgment can be rested. This count charges that the railway company operated and moved a locomotive, with two freight cars attached, upon a certain railroad track, alongside of and over and across which track “lay and ran a well-known and generally and publicly used path and passageway for pedestrians, in which path and passageway plaintiff was then and there walking as she and the public were accustomed therein to walk,” and that while she was so walking therein, along the path across the track, the railway company, by its servants, “did so negligently, willfully, recklessly, wantonly, and carelessly”’ move and run the* engine against the plaintiff that she was injured, etc., which injury occurred through the “willful and wanton negligence and conduct of the defendant,” to her damage, etc. The accident occurred within the private -switching yard and grounds of the railway company. -There was no evidence of a public highway, and the most that the evidence
2. We have held in Elevator Co. v. Lippert. 24 U. S. App. 176, 11 C. C. A. 521, and 63 Fed. 942, that a licensee who enters upon the premises of another by permission only, without allurement, inducement, or invitation hold out to him by the owner or occupant, cannot recover damages for injury caused by obsiructions or excavations. He acts at his own risk, and enjoys ¡he license subject to its attendant perils. Thus, in Bolch v. Smith, 31 Law J. Exch. 201, where workmen were permitted to use a place as a way, oil which revolving machinery had been erected, it was ruled Gnat the right so to use the place was only the right: not to be treated as a trespasser, and that there uas no obligation to fence the machinery, and no liability for insufficiently fencing it. While, however, the licensee takes the privilege subject to the perils arising from the condition of the premises, and from the nature of the business as there ordinarily carried on, the licensor must refrain from doing any further act to endanger the safety of the person exercising the license. The proposition is thus si a it'd in Gallagher v. Humphrey, 6 Law T. (N. S.) 684, by Wright man, J.:
‘"It appears to mo that such permission as is hero urged may lie subioot to the qualification that the person giving it shall not bo liable for'injuries io persons using the way, arising from the ordinary state of things, or of fire ordinary nature of the business carried on; but that is distinguishable from*292 the case of injuries wholly arising from the negligence of that person’s servant.” '
There must not be, as stated by Chief Justice Cockburn in the same cáse,' superadded negligence, in addition to existing dangers. With this explanation, and possible limitation, I think the case of Railway Co. v. Tartt, 24 U. S. App. 489, 12 C. C. A. 618, and. 64 Fed. 823, decided by this court, correctly states the law. The difference between that case and the one in hand is this: There the implied licensee was walking along the track; here she was attempting to cross the track. There the implied license was exercised but by few persons; here, by a multitude daily, — morning and evening. Whether, under the circumstances here existing, a duty was imposed upon the railway company to operate its trains otherwise than in accordance with the ordinary method of operation before and at the time of the license; whether the license was not subject to such ordinary method of operation; whether, by reason of the license, a duty was imposed upon the railway company to give warning of the approach of a train to the way so granted, such as is by statute required at a crossing of a public highway; whether any other duty was imposed than that of active watchfulness to avoid injury to those upon or about to cross the track upon the licensed way; and whether the duty of warning arises until it is manifest that one is about to cross the track, — are questions upon which the courts are not at agreement, and which, as I think, are not presented by the pleadings, and, for reasons hereinafter stated; are questions not necessary to be considered at this time. The majority opinion would infer a license here because “no earnest efforts were made, nor efficient means shown to have been employed, to cause people to desist from passing that way, though a few rods of fence along the east side of Packers avenue, it is apparent, would have been sufficient for the purpose.” This railway company had no right to erect fences upon the land of another. The property where it is said a fence should have been erected belonged to the Union Stock-Yards Company. If there were legal or moral duty resting upon any one in this respect, it was a duty devolving upon the Union Stock-Yards Company, and not upon the defendant in error, which had no control over the premises. It was not possible or feasible for the railway company to have inclosed its own tracks, part of the network of rails, to keep out the multitude. Nor do I see in what manner the five or six thousand persons daily crossing the track could have been prevented from so doing, except by the maintenance of a constabulary force. The law does not impose upon the owner such a duty towards trespassers, nor does his failure to employ physical force to prevent trespass operate as an implied license. It certainly was not neglect of duty to omit, uor can a license be inferred from failure, to erect a fence upon the land of another. I am not impressed with the correctness of the doctrine of vicarious punishment, applied to mundane affairs.
3. Upon her own evidence, and upon the testimony of her witnesses, it is clear, as matter of law, that this injury happened through the negligence of the plaintiff in error. The locality was one of great danger. To go over the course, she was obliged to cross a network
“These engines switching back and forth would pull cars out, and shove them in, on the different tracks. In going there, from west of the hog chute to Packers avenue, you were liable at any time, morning or evening, to meet several engines and trains working in there. That was a daily occurrence, day and night, during the two years 1 went there. In attempting to cross these tracks, I could not tell before. I got there on what particular track 1 would meet switch engines and trains. Could only tell by looking-up and down the track, east and west, before I stepped on it.”
Upon the occasion in question she left Transit avenue at or near the overhead hog chhte, crossed a railroad track, and turned into the irregular space intervening between the north track of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company and the track to the north of it, owned by some other company. She walked along that space to a point 15 or 20 feet west of the low switch stand, and then turned towards the south to cross the network of tracks. At that point the width of this irregular space was l()°/io feet, and, walking along the space, she was from 4. to 5 feet distant from the north, rail of the track upon which she met her injury. At some little distance east of the switch she had met the switch engine which was pushing cars to the east. As she turned to cross the track, and when within five feet of it, she looked to the east, and thought the engine was standing still. Without stopping or again looking, she went upon the track, walking slowly, and as she stepped upon it she was struck by the engine coming westward. This is her relation of the facts, corroborated by some of her witnesses. The witness Boh-ringer, who testified in her behalf, states that she looked towards the engine when she was'15 or 20 feet east of the switch, and was about to look again as she stepped upon the track and was struck. The switch engine did not proceed eastward more than 125 to 150' feet from the place of the accident. The witnesses vary upon the question, some stating the distance1 to be 35 feet. Upon stopping, the engine was immediately reversed, and commenced to back, and, upon reaching the place of the injury, had attained a speed of not more than from four to six miles an hour. The fireman, sifting in his cab window as the engine proceeded westerly, saw the plaintiff, and so soon as slie turned, indicating a purpose to go upon the track, gave the proper signal, and yelled to the engineer, and every possible effort was then made to stop the engine. If only the duty of active watchfulness was imposed upon the railway company before a purpose to cross the track was manifested, that duty was discharged. The operatives of the train had right to assume that one would not attempt to cross the track without looking and listening for a coming train, and would stop (Railroad Co. v. Miller, 25 Mich. 279),— as much right to assume that the girl, from the common instinct of self-preservation, would so govern her conduct, as a traveler upon the public highway has the right to rely upon the giving of statutory signals at a crossing. If no duty was cast upon the railway company until it was apimront that the girl was about to attempt the
The court declines to consider this question of contributory neg-
“It would ho idle to reverse tlie judgment, and send the case back for a now trial, if it. be certain that the plaintiff cannot recover in the action.”
In Barth v. Clise, 12 Wall. 400, the court says, citing a number of previous decisions in (hat tribunal:
"The plaintiff's in error, according to their own showing, had not a shadow of a right to recover in this action against Clise. Conceding, for the purposes of this opinion, that the court below erred in «11 the particulars complained of, tho errors have done them no harm. Opposite rulings could not have helped them. Their case was inherently defective. The defect was incurable, and Inevitably fatal. When such a defect exists, whether it be or be not brought to the attention of the court below, or of this court, by counsel, it is our duty to consider it, and to give it effect.”
In Decatur Bank v. St. Louis Bank, 21 Wall. 294, 301, the trial court instructed erroneously upon the effect of one letter as consti