102 So. 223 | Ala. | 1924
Lead Opinion
This suit is to test the constitutionality of a local statute relating to the jury commission of Crenshaw county. Local Acts 1923, p. 224. For the purpose of a study of the numerous questions presented, the title and body of the act, as well as the notice and proof, are set out in full in the statement of the case.
The Constitutional Convention of 1901 addressed itself to the task of preventing the growing evil of local legislation. By section 104 such legislation is forbidden on certain subjects therein set out. By section 105 is sought to avoid local legislation in cases provided for by general law, or where relief may be had in the courts. Section 106 throws certain safeguards around special, private, or local laws not forbidden by the Constitution. It declares no such law shall be passed unless notice of the intention to apply therefor, stating the substance of the proposed law, shall have been published at least once a week for four consecutive weeks in some newspaper published in the county; that proof of such notice be made by affidavit and spread upon the journals. The courts are enjoined to pronounce void all such laws if proof does not affirmatively appear in the journals. This court has been called upon in numerous cases to construe and enforce these and other provisions governing the passage of laws by the Legislature.
The same rules of construction obtain in passing upon those provisions as apply to other constitutional limitations upon legislative power. The courts seek to sustain and not to strike down the enactments of a co-ordinate department of the government. If, with the aid of all reasonable intendments, the act can be given effect without violation of the letter and spirit of the Constitution, it will be sustained. All reasonable doubt is resolved in favor of the action of the Legislature. Laws clearly in conflict, however, cannot coexist. In such case the court has the one duty to maintain the Constitution. City of Ensley v. Simpson,
In dealing with the act before us, questions are raised upon the sufficiency of the notice and also upon the sufficiency of the proof of notice. The notice shows a purpose to amend as to Crenshaw county the general jury law of Alabama, whose caption is therein set out, "so as to read as follows." Then follows the substance of the proposed act.
The phrase "to read as follows," when used in an amendatory act, implies that the provisions following are a complete revision and substitute for the act amended. Such construction of this notice would reduce the entire jury system set forth in the act of 1909 to a single sentence declaring who shall constitute the jury commission in Crenshaw county. Such an act would be void on its face. The manifest purpose was to say that the substance of the proposed amendment or change in the statute should "read as follows." So read, the objection comes that it is violative of that provision of section 45 *269 which requires that so much of a statute as is amended shall be re-enacted and published at length.
In Alford v. Hicks,
Turning to the proof of the published notice as shown by the journals, the affidavit shows it was published in the Luverne Journal, a paper published at Luverne, Crenshaw county, Ala. The Constitution says it must be published in a newspaper. Again, the affidavit says the notice was published for four consecutive issues from the 21st of June to the 12th day of July, inclusive. The Constitution says it must be published for four consecutive weeks. This notice gives the date of first and fourth publications, being on the same day of the first and fourth weeks. Do the words "consecutive issues" import that the other two publications were on June 28th and July 5th, making four consecutive weeks?
Do the words "Luverne Journal, a paper published at Luverne," import a newspaper?
It is common knowledge that nowadays there are many "papers published" which are not newspapers in the sense meant in the Constitution. The aim is to bring knowledge of the proposed law to the body of the people of the county through a medium usually carrying them news of public affairs — a newspaper. The sufficiency of this notice appears to turn on whether we can take judicial notice that the Luverne Journal, published as stated, is a weekly newspaper.
"Judicial notice is taken of what is within the knowledge of most men. The test has been said to be: (1) Is the fact one of common, everyday knowledge in the jurisdiction, which every one of average intelligence and knowledge of things about him can be prosumed to know? and (2) is it certain and indisputable?" 23 C. J. 61.
"Courts should take notice of whatever is or ought to be generally known, within the limits of their jurisdiction, for justice does not require that courts profess to be more ignorant than the rest of mankind." 15 Rawle C. L. 1057, 1058.
"There are various senses in which the term 'judicial notice' is used. In the orthodox sense above noted, it signifies that there are certain facta probanda (ante, § 2), or propositions in a party's case, as to which he will not be required to offer evidence; these will be taken for true by the tribunal without the need of evidence. This general principle of judicial notice is simple and natural enough. As to the scope of such facts, they include (1) matters which are so notorious that the production of evidence would be unnecessary. * * *" 4 Wigmore on Ev. § 2565, p. 3598.
"It is customary for courts to take judicial knowledge of what ought to be generally known within the limits of their jurisdiction. This cognizance may extend far beyond the actual knowledge, or even the memory of judges, who may, therefore, resort to such documents of reference, or other authoritative sources of information as may be at hand, and may be deemed worthy of confidence." Gordon. Rankin Co. v. Tweedy,
See, also, Hodge v. Joy,
In applying these rules the question comes: Within what jurisdiction must the fact be of common knowledge? Must it be generally known throughout the jurisdiction of the appellate court, or only within the jurisdiction where the cause was heard by the primary court?
In 15 Rawle C. L. 1063, the text is:
"A higher court on appeal will take judicial cognizance of any matter of which the court of original jurisdiction might take notice."
This text is supported by the cases cited, viz.: Pennington v. Gibson, 16 How. 65,
It is generally held that taking judicial notice of facts of common knowledge is in the discretion of the trial court, and that, on appeal, the record should show that the trial court had the matter of judicial notice called to his attention in order to bring under review his action thereon. 15 Rawle C. L. 1063. This rule is in support of the presumption in favor of the court's finding, unless error is affirmatively shown. Appellate courts can indulge no presumptions in favor of the lower court in dealing with the question of the constitutionality of a statute. *270
All courts alike must indulge every presumption in favor of its validity.
The decisions of other courts are not in harmony on the question of judicial notice of newspapers published within the jurisdiction of the court. In Atkeson v. Lay,
Applying the principle underlying the rule given by the above authorities, it is manifest the entire people of the state would not have common knowledge of each county newspaper published therein. It is equally clear that the people of a county would have general knowledge of their own county newspaper. Section 106 of the Constitution, which we are considering, adopts the local newspaper as the medium of bringing to the people of the county notice of proposed local laws. Few facts are better known, or more easy of verification by a court, than the existence of a newspaper within its zone of general circulation.
We conclude this court should take notice that the Luverne Journal is a weekly newspaper, and so hold the notice sufficient.
The substance of the act as proposed and as passed was single, to abolish one governmental agency and confer its powers and duties upon another existing governmental agency, or set of officers.
It is within the power of the Legislature to abolish an office of its own creation, although the incumbent is thereby removed during his term. Nothing in the Constitution should be construed to give the Legislature power to create offices, but not to abolish them. The incumbent takes subject to such power. State ex rel. Brandon v. Prince,
The act as passed is original and not amendatory in form, is complete and intelligible within itself, and refers to the general law merely to define its subject-matter and field of operation. Under our decisions it is not clearly within the provisions of section 45 requiring amendatory acts to re-enact and set out at length so much as is amended. State ex rel. Brandon v. Prince,
The title to the act recites that powers and duties of the jury commission are conferred on the "members" of the court of county commissioners. In the body of the act these powers and duties are conferred in terms upon the court of county commissioners. The title, in this respect, follows the notice of the proposed act.
It is suggested: (1) That this is a change in the substance of the proposed law; and (2) that the subject-matter of the act is not clearly expressed in the title.
The court of county commissioners is a court of record; it speaks through its records; the judge of probate is ex officio the presiding judge and the keeper of its records; it has regular terms fixed by law, and holds special terms on call of the judge of probate.
Still, it is not a judicial tribunal merely. It is vested with legislative, judicial, and executive or administrative power. In a word, it is the general governing body provided for the county governmental unit. Varied duties, much unlike in kind, are imposed upon the court, or its members. The powers and duties of the jury commission conferred by this act upon that court or body are, briefly, to ascertain all the qualified jurors in the county, make up and enter in a well-bound book the jury roll; to enter upon separate cards the full names, places of residence, and occupation of each juror, place them under lock and key, to be opened only by the officers authorized by law; and to be refilled when the need therefor arises.
In performing these duties the commissioners are required to organize by electing one of their number president, and all take the oath of office. They are empowered to employ a clerk of their selection to procure the needed information. The act before us must be construed in connection with the jury law. The act says all the provisions of *271 the jury law shall apply and govern the court serving as the jury commission. Whether we view the act as converting the court into a jury commission for this special service, or as converting the members of the court ex officio into a jury commission, is more a matter of form than substance. The duties and responsibilities attach to the same persons and their offices, in either event.
This act conferring additional duties, by way of consolidating offices, is not violative of section 280 of the Constitution of 1901. State ex rel. Clarke v. Carter,
We are not clearly satisfied that the act in question is subject to any of the constitutional objections urged against it.
The judgment of the court below is reversed and the cause remanded.
Reversed and remanded.
ANDERSON, C. J., and SOMERVILLE and THOMAS, JJ., concur.
Addendum
On the question of judicial notice, our attention is called to Jenkins v. Jenkins,
"If we could presume that the Jacksonville Republican means a newspaper by that name, we know not how often it is published," etc.
It is not necessary to now question the soundness of that decision. We are dealing here with matters of common knowledge at this day. The Jenkins Case was decided in 1849. At that time there was no free school system in Alabama, no telephones, roads were unimproved, mails infrequent, and the general means of communication far different from the present. Even then the court did not undertake to say it could not take notice that a named publication was a newspaper, but that it did not know whether it was a weekly newspaper.
It is common knowledge that many things now of common knowledge had no existence in 1849, or existed only in the dreams of the inventor or the scientist.
We cannot say now, for the purpose of declaring void an act of the Legislature, that the existence of a newspaper is not a matter of common knowledge within the zone of its general circulation, or that such common knowledge does not extend to the fact that it is a weekly newspaper.
Courts cannot go behind the Journals of the Legislature to determine whether publication was in fact made on the dates shown by the proof entered on the Journals.
It is for the Legislature to ascertain whether the proof made as required by the Constitution is true or false. The Journals import absolute verity on matters duly shown therein. We have not held that the court takes judicial notice of what is published in a newspaper, but merely that the "Luverne Journal, a paper published at Luverne, Crenshaw county, Ala.," is a weekly newspaper.
Application overruled.
All the Justices concur in the result.
ANDERSON, C. J., concurs in the opinion and further holds the affidavit of notice sufficient without the aid of judicial knowledge.
SAYRE, SOMERVILLE, and MILLER, JJ., hold the proof of notice sufficient on its face; but that judicial knowledge cannot be entertained in construing the proof appearing on the Journals.
GARDNER and THOMAS, JJ., concur in the opinion.