44 Miss. 15 | Miss. | 1870
At the April term, 1867, of the chancery court of Adams county, Ralph Butterfield filed his bill of complaint against David Stanton, Anna E. Stanton, and Ann W. Winston, to set aside a conveyance, for fraud, made by the defendant, David Stanton, to defendant, Ann W. Winston, in trust for Anna E. Stanton, and to subject the property to the satisfaction of a judgment at law, recovered by the complainant against the defendants, David Stanton and Ann W. Winston.
The record discloses the following facts:
David Stanton, and Anna E. Winston, daughter of Geo. Winston, and Mrs. Ann W. Winston, intermarried in 1834. Mrs. Stanton having inherited a large fortune from her father, it was settled upon her by agreement with, and con
Expensive repairs upon, and additions to, this property were made by Mrs, Stanton, out of her separate fund, to the amount of ten or fifteen thousand dollars, all under her dictation, as upon her individual property.
In January, 1862, Stanton and Stockman gave their note, with Mrs. Winston as surety, to Ralph Butterfield, the complainant, for $5,000, to renew the note of Stanton and Stock-man for money previously loaned to them, payable in January, 1863.
In July, 1865, Stanton conveyed the property mentioned to Mrs. Winston, for the use of his wife.
In October, 1866, Butterfield recovered judgment against Stanton and Mrs. Winston, upon the note alluded to, for the sum of $8,012 50.
In 1867, execution upon this judgment was returned nulla liona. '
The conveyance upon the marriage settlement in 1843, by Stanton, to Mrs. Winston, as trustee, for the use of his wife, was duly recorded, as were all the deeds referred to.
The averments' and denials in the bill and answer, are full and ample. The bill alleges the conveyance from Stanton to his wife’s use, in 1865, to be fraudulent and void, and that he “ gave credit to the said Stanton in consequence of the possession of said lot and its improvements, and other property. ” The prayer of the bill is, that this- property be subjected to the payment of the judgment of the complainant.
The defendants, in their several answers, deny all fraud', and are minute and explicit in their statements, which are fully sustained by the evidence, showing valuable consideration and undoubted good faith in all the transactions of the parties.
Butterfield and Stanton were examined in open court, and their testimony is as follows :
Bulterfield stated: “ I am complainant in this, cause. I know ‘ the Elms ’ property. David Stanton was in possession and owned the Elms. I never saw David Stanton in possession of the property. I knew that he was living there.
On cross-examination he stated: “ The original contract was made with Stockman. I don’t recollect that Stanton was present when the original contract was made. Nothing was said about the possession of the property when the loan was made. When examining the records I merely saw the deed to Stanton. If I had not found the deed to the Elms, I think I should not have loaned the money; can’t say positively, however. I found Stanton and Stockman’s credit, as merchants in Natchez, good at the time I lent the money. I suppose the property on Main street, was worth as much as the money loaned. I did not ask a lien on the Elms as security on the renewal of the note. Neither Stanton nor Stock-man proposed to pledge the Elms to me. I don’t think Stanton ever said that the Elms would be liable for his debts. At the time of the renewal of the note I learned that Stanton
David Stanton, being sworn and examined, stated: “ I am defendant in this cause. The contract was made for the firm by Mr. Stockman. I had no negotiations with Dr. Butterfield at the time. The subject of the possession of the Elms was not mentioned to me at the time. I did not attempt to get credit from any one because of my possession or ownership of the Elms. If the Elms property had been mentioned at the time the loan was made, I -would have said that no lien could be had on the ■“ Elms ” property, I never proposed to mortgage the Elms for any debt of my own, or of Stanton and Stockman. Their credit was very good in 1859. The value of the store in-1859 was $12,000 or $14,000 previous to improvements. The improvements were additions to the house; after improvements, the house was worth $20,000. I owned the store in my own name, and as my own property. The property was burned during the war. My insolvency was in consequence of the war.”
On cross-examination the witness said: “At the time of the loan, Stanton and Stockman owed other borrowed money. Don’t know. how much capital was borrowed. Don’t know how much the cash capital was at the time of the loan of Butterfield. I paid the taxes on the Elms. It was assessed in my name. I never told Dr. Butterfield that the Elms did not belong to me. So far as the public knew, there was no difference in my acts before or after I agreed to let Mrs. Stanton have the property (Elms). There was nothing to give the public to understand that there was any question as to the ownership of the Elms — the records showing that the title was in me.. Never thought the question of the title of importance, and never made it a subject of discussion. My
Excepting the exhibits, no other evidence was given on the part of the complainant than his own testimony. Depositions of several members' of the family of Stanton were read, and the account and merchant’s books of Mrs. Winston were examined on the hearing, emphatically vindicating the good faith of defendants.
The court below, on the final hearing, answers, exhibits, and testimony, dismissed the complaint, or bill. From this decree, the case comes to this court. The complainant rests his cause here upon the construction which may be given, in view of facts, to art. 24, p. 335, Revised Code, the counsel expressly exonerating th.e defendants from the charge of fraud in fact. So much of this article as is applicable is as follows:
“ And if the husband shall purchase property in his own name, with the money of his wife, he shall hold the same only as trustee for her use, but such trust shall be void as against creditors of the husband, who contracted or gave credit, in consequence of the possession of such property. ”
The essential elements of this provision of the Code, are:
1st. The husband must “ purchase the property in his own name, ” as did defendant Stanton in the case at bar.
2d. With “the money of his wife.” The “husband” in in this case did not purchase the property involved, “ with the money of his wife. ”
Sd. The creditor must have contracted or have given credit in “consequence” of the possession of the property sought to be charged. The complainant states that Stanton was in possession of and owned this property; that he never heard of any one except Stanton having an interest in the property, and that he examined the records and found that Stanton .owned “the Elms” and store lot; but he does .not testify that he gave the credit “in consequence” of the possession by Stanton of this property. His further testimony on
On cross-examination he said: “ If I had not found the deed to the Elms, I think-I should not have loaned the money; can’t say positively, however. I found that and Stanton Stockman’s credit, as merchants in Natchez, was good at the time I lent the money. At the renewal of the note I learned that Stanton did not own a plantation on the other side of the river. They gave me Mrs. Winston as additional security. She had property and I considered her solvent. ”
So far from proving that he gave credit to Stanton in consequence of the possession of this property, this hypothesis is emphatically contradicted. The substance of his testimony, and his whole case, is contained in the statement: “ I gave credit because the firm was in good credit, and one or the other owned real estate. ”
But as though this were not conclusive, the complainant, upon the maturity of the original note for the money loaned, was disappointed to learn that Stanton was not the owner of a plantation “over the river,” on which he had evidently relied in giving the first credit, when, instead of demanding pajunent, or specific security upon property, he renewed the
It may be observed of this statute:
1. That it is exceptional and almost penal, as to the wife, in declaring a trust to her use void, in the contingency stated, whereas, the rule as to others is, that where a resulting trust is raised, as between the cestuy qice trust and creditors of the trustee, the trust, if free from fraud in the beneficiary, will be upheld, this trust being good without registry against all creditors. Kelly v. Mills, 41 Miss., 267. This statute ought therefore to be strictly’ construed.
2. Though the statute declares the trust void as to a class of creditors, it creates no lien on the property. There is on this property no lien in fact, nor by implication, nor by express statute. Article 24 only declares the trust void in the cases stated. It creates no lien. In other words, the trust created in article 24 is made void as to a class of creditors, and as to these, the property thus subjected to their debts is bound onty as other property, there being no lien until one is obtained by judgment, mortgage, or otherwise. There is none per se.
3. The trust provided for in this statute is available to the wife except as to those creditors giving credit on account of this particular, property. To benefit creditors the contract of credit ought, therefore, to be based upon it, and it ought, in some way, to be defined or distinguished by the parties at the time of the credit. It should be definitely made to appear that the possession of the particular property was the occasion of the credit. To say thaka creditor may lock the motive of the credit as a secret in his own breast, to be profoundly retained until an emergency arises when he can da-
4. To obtain the benefit of this statute, parties must bring themselves clearly and fully within its terms, as it can apply only to the cases specifically described therein, and affirmatively brought within its provisions. The courts cannot ex-' tend it to cases not distinctly embracing all its material features, nor can they presume a case which the party fails to prove. We are of the opinion, therefore, that the case at bar is not within the article of the Code, because, 1. The husband clid not purchase this property with the money of his wife ; therefore, 2. The trust was not created, as a matter of fact; 3. The credit was not given “in consequence” of the possession of this particular property, and 4. Generally, the case, in no material aspect, conforms to article 24.
But if not within article 24, may not article 23 apply to and govern the case ?
Counsel for appellant expressly waives fraud in fact, and makes no reference to this article, resting his case wholly upon article 24.
The article itself applies to conveyances from the husband to the wife, whereas, in the case at bar, tbe conveyance is to a third person.
But the whole object and purjDort of article 23 is to secure to married women, as their own separate property, all such property or rights of whatever name or kind which shall accrue to them by will, descent, distribution, deed of conveyance, recovery, or otherwise, and such property shall not be subject to, or taken in satisfaction of, the debts of the husband, nor shall such property, or any part thereof, be sold, conveyed, mortgaged, transferred, or in any manner encumbered by the husband, unless the wife shall join in the conveyance, etc., with the proviso, that “ any deed from the husband to tbe wife for her use, shall be void as against
In the case at bar, the wife had inherited a large property from her deceased father, which article (23) is expressly designed and undertakes to protect, and secure to her as her separate estate. By a marriage settlement duly executed and recorded in 1843, when free from debt, Stanton had conveyed to the trustee of his wife her separate estate, thus inherited, and by that conveyance he was hound to secure to her the avails of her inheritance. lie thereby detracted nothing from his own means.
The property in controversy was paid for by the trustee out of the separate property of the wife, secured to her as stated. Not a dollar had been contributed to its purchase or improvement by the husband.
The conveyance of 1865, transferred only the property thus paid for by the wife, out of her separate estate. Not one cent of the means or property of the husband was included in that transfer. It was not, therefore, 1. A conveyance from the husband to the wife, but to a third person ; and 2. It was not a deed of gift of property of the husband, or a voluntary conveyance, but the dona, fide reimbursement to the wife of the proceeds of her own separate estate, which article 23 declares shall be inviolable, and shall not be subject to, or taken in satisfaction of the debts of, the husband.
We are conducted to the conclusion that this case is not within either the letter or spirit of article 23, and such we understand to be the doctrine of the authorities.
A conveyance by the husband to the wife, and post-nuptial
Wiley v. May, 36 Miss., 516, is a still more emphatically expressed case, wherein it was held, that even when the conveyance is directly to the wife, the act of 1839 would only affect voluntary conveyances, and the court say, “ The doctrine is well settled that such settlements, when made in good faith, and for valuable consideration, are good against creditors and purchasers. ”
The act of 1839 was entitled, “ An act for the protection and preservation of the rights of married women, ”■ and in Ratcliffe v. Dougherty, it was held to be “evidently an enabling statute. ” By that act “ any married woman ” might “ become seised or possessed of any property, real or personal, by direct bequest, demise, gift, purchase,” etc., “ provided the same does not come from her husband after coverture. ”
Evidently this exception in the code of 1857, as to creditors, has reference to gifts, or voluntary conveyances, and not to conveyances for a valuable consideration, and in good faith. It cannot be supposed that the code, which more emphatically secures to the wife her separate estate than the law of 1889, and which declares that it shall not be subject to, nor liable to be taken in satisfaction of, the debts of the husband, any more than the law of 1839, intended to impair, or change the rights of married women, or meant to put her in a worse position as to her rights as a creditor, or claimant, than anybody else, or that the right of creditors to attack conveyances as fraudulent, or voluntary, was designed to be enlarged, as against a married woman. It was never questioned that a conveyance to a trustee, for the use of the wife, took the case from the operation of the common law, nor is it less well understood that it had the same effect as to the law of 1839, for the reason that the disability to convey did not exist between the husband and a third party. Hence, we conclude, that the proviso, in article 23, p. 336, Revised Code, has reference to voluntary conveyances, directly from the husband to the wife.
But the counsel waive fraud in fact, and rely upon article 24. We have already stated our opinion that this case is not embraced in article 24, and the written waiver of counsel, even if our reasoning is incorrect, effectually disposes of article 23, as far as the case is concerned.
In bestowing enlarged and important rights upon married women, the code simply intended to save the rights of creditors, lest these laws should be construed into a sanction of voluntary conveyances by the husband to the wife, as against them. In the language of the court, in Baygents v. Beard, et al., 41 Miss., the code saved the Tights of creditors “ as in all other cases, ” or in other words, that to creditors should
This disposes of article 23, and leaves the case to be tested by the general principles of law and equity applicable to this class of cases.
The facts are few and simple. The property was paid for by the trustee, out of the estate of the wife, and the convey-' anee was from the husband to the trustee, to reimburse. The consideration is ample, and the bona, fides above suspicion In fact, the evidence of the bona fides of these defendants, and the valuable considerations of their transactions, render this case almost exceptional in these respects, in judicial experience.
Upon this state of facts, is the deed from Stanton to the trustee of his wife, valid against his creditors? It requires no reasoning to prove that Mrs. Stanton has, at least, equal equities with the complainant. She, in good faith, took up her husband’s notes for the purchase money of the property, to which she believed she had, or would have, title. She had, in confidence, expended large sums in improvements. Those notes, at least, were a subsisting claim against her husband, and she was his creditor to the amount of those notes and interest. The complainant was a money lender, and advanced
That the husband and wife may have .direct dealings with each other, is now so well settled as to preclude question. It is no less firmly established that the wife may become the creditor of the husband. Oord ; Simmons v. Thomas, 43 Miss., 31. ■ So, a deed from the husband to the wife, under the law prior to that of 1857, is valid as between the parties, and good as to strangers, if resting upon a valuable consideration and honest motive. 28 Miss., 717; 24, ib., 181; 25, ib., 160; ib., 66. The tendency of the modern decisions in this, as well as in the courts of most of the other states, has been to leave the questions of fraud open to investigation, 'to be determined by. all the facts which tend to show the actual intention with which the conveyance was executed.” Cord, 29, § 63.
It is said that “ courts of equity ” will “ examine ” every “ transaction between husband and wife with an anxious watchfulness and caution.” Satisfied upon the questions of consideration and intent, the rights of married women are looked upon with favor. In Simmons v. Thomas, 43 Miss., 31, the court say: “In late years there has been a great enlargement of the property rights and interests of married women in this and many other states. The scope of the legislation has been to secure to her the corpus of the property which she brought into the marriage, or subsequently acquired, and also, to give to her the income- and revenues of her separate estate free from the rights of use, or disposition on the part of the husband.”
That Stanton could have discharged a Iona fide debt, doing
This doctrine pervades all the text writers on this subject. Vide Story’s Eq. Jur.
In Wiley v. Gray, 36 Miss., 510, this doctrine is very emphatically declared, and the court say : “ It was not material whether Mrs. Gray’s funds and property were appropriated by Gray, with or without her consent, as, in either event, she was, in an equitable point of view, a creditor of Gray to the amount of the value of the property which he had converted to his own use. ****** The fact admitted in the answer, that Gray was then indebted to the appellants, is not of itself sufficient grounds for questioning the lona fides of the settlement, which, as we have seen, was made upon a valuable consideration.”
The post-nuptial settlement of 1843, as it withdrew nothing from the estate of Stanton, was not only proper and legal, but commendable. Story’s Eq. Jur. That settlement bound
In Wiley v. Gray, the court say: “ The capacity of a husband and wife, after marriage, to- contract, for a tona fide and valuable consideration, for a transfer of property from the husband to a trustee, for the benefit of the wife, or to her directly, is not now a subject open for discussion.” 36 Miss., 510, and cases. “ Such settlements, when made lona fide7 and upon a valuable and adequate consideration, are good against creditors and purchasers.” 25 Law Lib., 81; Atherly on Mar. Set., 156-162, and cases. “ The true point of inquiry,” say the court, in Wiley v. Gray, Mis whether the conveyance was made upon a valuable and fair consideration, so as to repel the presumption of fraud.” The same sentiment is expressed by Cord. See, also, Simmons v. Thomas, 43 Miss., 31, and Story’s Eq. Jur.
“ Agreements between husband and wife, during coverture, for the transfer of property from the former, directly to the latter, are undoubtedly void at law; and equity examines, with great caution, before it will confirm them. But equity does 'sustain them upon a clear and satisfactory case made out that the property is to he applied to the separate use of the wife, where the consideration of the transfer is a separate interest of the wife, yielded up by her for the husband’s benefit, or that of their family, or which has been appropriated by him to these uses; or where the husband is in a situation to make a gift of property to the wife, and distinctly separates it from the inass of his property, for her use. Such transfer will he sustained in equity, although no trustee is ■ interposed to hold for the wife’s use. Wallingsford v. Allen, 10 Pet., 583.
“ The cases in which grants from the husband to the wife have been set aside, are where there was some unfairness in the intention, or uncertainty in the declaration of it.” Ib.
*35 “ Among creditors equally meritorious, a debtor may conscientiously prefer one to another, and it makes no difference that the preferred creditor is his own wife. ” Maginac v. Thompson, 7 Pet., 348, affirming Bald., 344.
This case does not arise by implication of law, but grows out of an express contract between the husband and the trustee of his wife. We have seen that the wife not only performed the stipulations of this contract on her part, but expended twice or three times as much in improvements, in the faith of her title. Though long delayed, the husband, also, complied on his part, by conveying the property prior to any actual incumbrance.
. It is a general rule, that what a party may be compelled to do by suit, he may voluntarily do without a suit. Wiley v. Gray, 36 Miss.; 510; Story’s Eq. Jur., § 1267, and cases.
As a creditor of her husband, and her right to satisfaction or reimbursement, the authorities are uniform. A learned and favorite author says: “ The wife may become a creditor of the husband, by acts and contracts, during coverture, and her rights as such, will be enforced against him and his representatives. Thus, for example, if a wife should unite with her husband to pledge her estate, or otherwise to raise a sum of money out of it, to pay his debts,' or to answer his necessities, whatever might be the mode adopted to carry that purpose into effect, the transaction would, in equity, be treated according to the true interest of the parties. She would be deemed a creditor or surety for him (if so originally understood between them), for the sum so paid, and she would be entitled to reimbursement out of his estate, and to the like privileges as belong to other «.’editors. 1 P. Williams, 264; 3 Paige,614; 2 Yes., 663; 16 Yes., 356; Story’s Eq. Jur., § 1373, and cases cited in the note. “ It is a settled doctrine in England and this country, that the devotion of her own property, by a wife to the use of her husband, or the making a charge upon it for his benefit, will support a settlement by the husband in favor of his wife. Lady Arundel v. Phipps, 10 Ves., 130; Chapman v. Emory, 1 Cowp., 280 ; Atherly on
Even were title still in the husband, upon the facts in this case, the courts would protect the rights of the wife. Courts of equity “ have adopted principles exceedingly broad and comprehensive in the application of their remedial justice and they will sometimes <£ administer even a stern justice in favor of innocent persons, who are sufferers ” and “ without any fault on their side.” This is often done by converting the offending party into a trustee; and by “ making the property itself, subservient to the proper purposes of recompense, by way of equitable trust or lien.” Story’s Eq. Jur., § 1265; 30 Miss., 161; 39 ib., 462. So, courts of equity have extended the doctrine of compensation, dr lien for repairs and improvements to cases where the party has acted bona' fide and innocently, and there has been a substantial benefit conferred on the owner, so that in justice and equity, equo et bono, he ought to pay for such benefit. Story’s Eq. Jur., §1237.
The height of natural justice is, when no man becomes rich, or is benefitted by another’s loss or injury, or, as in the text,pure natures est, neminem, curia alterius detrimentus et injuria fieri locupletiorem.
As to the-marriage settlement of 1843, we observe:
1st. A settlement being out of the estate of the husband, the rule is, “ where there is no ground to suspect fraud, that it amounts only to a reasonable provision for the wife; it will, even though after coverture, be sustained in equity.” Story’s Eq. Jur., § 1375.
2d. Where the property is inherited by the wife, or conveyed to her by a third person, and not by the husband out of his own property, the rule is this: u It has, for more than a century, been established in courts of equity that the intervention of trustees is not indispensable, and whatever real or personal property is given or devised, or settled upon a married woman, either before or after marriage, for her sepa
A voluntary settlement made by a husband, not indebted at the time, is good against subsequent creditors. 8 Wheat., 229. In cases of this character, the real point of inquiry is the consideration and intent. The consideration being valuable, and the transaction bona fide, the text writers and the adjudicators recognize the validity of conveyances from a husband to the wife, or her trustee, for her use, against all creditors.
Becognizing the conveyance sought to be vacated, as pure and untainted with fraud, the case is one in which “ the rights and interests of the wife will be assiduously protected in equity.” 3 Atk., 399; 10 Sim., 377 ; Story’s Eq. Jur., §1381, and cases cited in note. As, in Simmons v. Thomas, “ the summary of the argument is, the estate, both in crops and income, is preserved to the wife.” Or, as in 47 Penn., 308, “ the law protects the estate, and equity sustains the instrument which represents it.” Vide, also, Pennington v. Acker, 30 Miss., 161; Burks v. Loggins, 39 Miss., 462.
Our conclusion is, that the conveyance from Stanton to Mrs. Winston, for the use of his wife, in 1865, ought to be sustained upon the highest and purest principles of justice and equity.
The decree of the court below is affirmed.