Butler v. State

97 Ind. 378 | Ind. | 1884

Elliott, C. J.

The appellant was convicted of the crime of murder in the first degree and sentenced to death. The judgment on the verdict was pronounced on the 14th day of June, 1884, the transcript was certified by the clerk to the appellant on the 27th day of September, and filed in this, court on the 6th day of the present month. We have dispensed with all formalities in the matter of preparing the record, and have given the appellant full hearing upon all the questions presented by the record and argued by counsel.

The evidence is not in the record, and we can not, there- ' fore, consider any questions which require for their just comprehension and decision an examination of the evidence. This rule has always prevailed in this State and has been many times enforced.

Our statute enacts that we shall not reverse a judgment in a criminal case except for errors prejudicing the substantial rights of the appellant. R. S. 1881, section 1891. It is a familiar rule that all reasonable presumptions are indulged in favor of the rulings of the trial court, and that on appeal the appellant must affirmatively show that errors were committed prejudicial to his rights, and where the evidence is necessary to make it appear that the substantial rights of the defendant were prejudiced, it must be in the record.

The record shows that the appellant applied to the court for leave to take depositions in the State of Ohio; that the court ordered that leave be granted to take the depositions of forty-five witnesses at Columbus, Crestline and Cincinnati, upon condition that the appellant enter his consent that the prosecution might also take depositions out of the State relative to the same matter. This consent was entered of record. It is contended that the court had no right to exact the consent of the appellant, and that section 1805 of the statute, which reads thus: “ The defendant may, by leave of ■court, take the depositions of witnesses residing out of the State, to be read on the trial; but, before leave is given, the defendant must enter of record his consent that the depositions of witnesses residing out of the State may be taken and read on behalf of the State^relative to the same matter; and the defendant may, on the same terms, and by leave of court, or by notice to the prosecuting attorney, take the deposition ' of any witness conditionally,” is unconstitutional and void.

The argument is that the statutory provision is in conflict with that section of the Constitution of the State, which declares that one accused of crime shall “have the right * * to meet the witnesses face to face; and to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor/’ Const., art. 1, ■section 13.

The statute under examination confers upon an accused person a right he did not have at common law, namely, the right to take depositions in a foreign jurisdiction, and confers it upon condition that he shall concede a like privilege to the .'State. No right is taken from him, but an additional one is ■granted him. It seems clear to our minds that a statute conferring a new and beneficial privilege upon a defendant can not be deemed unconstitutional because it annexes to the grant a condition favorable to the State, but just in itself and not oppressive to the accused. The right stands as it is given by the statute, and that is a right to exercise the privilege conferred upon the condition that a like privilege be conceded to the State. No restraint is imposed upon the accused; it is left to his free, unfettered choice; he may accept the offered privilege, or he may not, just as he wills. But if he does accept it, he must take it as the statute gives it. The right conferred by the statute is a single, indivisible one; the condition is an integral part of it, and if the accused accepts the benefit, of the statute, he must take it just as it is given ; he ■can hot take it in part and reject it in part. In his acceptanee of the new right, he takes solely by virtue of the statute, and necessarily takes the burden with the benefit. He can not create a right, he can only take what the law has created. We are of opinion that the statute does not contravene the provisions of the State Constitution.

We think it settled by the adjudged cases that the general rule is that provisions of the Federal Constitution do not govern trials of criminal offences committed against the laws of a State. Twitchell v. Com., 7 Wall. 321; Barron v. Baltimore, 7 Peters, 243; Baker v. Gordon, 23 Ind. 204; Cooley Const. Lim. (5th ed.) 26. The provisions of the Federal Constitution, touching the rights here involved, do not name the States, as is done in the provisions discussed in Kring v. Missouri, 107 U. S. 221, and Tennessee v. Davis, 100 U. S.. 257; and where the States are not named, the provisions of that instrument do not control their legislation. But, conceding that the section of the National Constitution does control procedure in, the State courts, it is substantially the same as that of the Constitution of the State, and what we have said in discussing the provisions of our Constitution disposes of the argument that our statute is in conflict with the Federal Constitution. There is, we may add, more reason for refusing to hold that the Constitution does not apply to such a case as this, than there is for holding that the statements of deceased witnesses, and dying declarations, are competent evidence, notwithstanding the constitutional provision, and yet on those questions the law is firmly settled. Cooley Const. Lim. 389, auth. n. It has been held by the highest court of the land, that this constitutional provision can not be successfully invoked by one who has fraudulently procured the absence of the witness, and surely the case of one who, to seen re a statutory right, solemnly enters his consent of record that the State may also take depositions, stands upon the same general principle. Reynolds v. U. S., 98 U. S. 145. To-permit him to repudiate his solemn act, done in open court, and made part of the record, would be to permit him to take advantage of his own wrong.'

If, however, the accused did have a constitutional right to confront the witnesses, still there is no cause for reversal, because that right was waived. Our decisions have steadily maintained the power of a defendant to waive a constitutional provision intended for his benefit. A striking application of the doctrine was made in the case of Veatch v. State, 60 Ind. 291. In that case the appellant had been tried on an indictment charging murder, and w'as convicted of manslaughter, but after-wards obtained a new trial. In the course of the opinion it was said : “ The theory of the appellant is, that the former verdict, which was for manslaughter only, operated as an acquittal of murder in either of its degrees; and that, upon a subsequent trial, he could not be convicted of murder in either degree. The Constitution, it is true, provides, that ‘ No person shall be put in jeopardy twice for the same offence.’ But there are many cases in which this constitutional provision is deemed to have been waived. Thus, if one is convicted of an offenee,and obtains a new trial, either in the court in which the case is tried, or on appeal or writ of error, he is deemed to have waived the constitutional provision, and may, of course, be put upon trial the second time for the same offence, and so on as often as he obtains a new trial. The statute regulating criminal pleading and practice provides, that ‘ The granting of a new trial places the parties in the same position as if no trial had been had; the former verdict can not be used or referred to, either in the evidence or argument.’ * * Now, it would seem, that, if a party takes a new trial in a criminal case, he takes it on the terms prescribed by the statute, and consents to be placed ‘in the same position as if no trial had been had.’ ” The principle laid down is that which rules this case, and it is in accordance with many decisions of our court. McCorkle v. State, 14 Ind. 39; Morgan v. State, 13 Ind. 215 ; Sanders v. State, 85 Ind. 318 (44 Am. R. 29), see op. 332; Turner v. Wilson, 49 Ind. 581, vide opinion, p. 585; Behler v. State, 22 Ind. 345; Boggs v. State, 8 Ind. 463.

The text-writers approve the rule and declare it to be applicable to such cases as the present. Mr. Bishop, in speaking of the constitutional provision, says: “A party, who can waive most rights, may under various circumstances waive this one, and by consent submit to evidence by depositions, and to other testimony not delivered orally at the trial.” 1 Crim. Proced., sec. 1205. The same doctrine is laid down in Weeks on Depositions, 565, 566. Many well considered cases give full support to this doctrine. State v. Worden, 46 Conn. 349; S. C., 1 Crim. L. Mag. 178; Sahlinger v. People, 102 Ill. 241; State v. O’Connor, 65 Mo. 374; S. C., 27 Am. R. 291; State v. Polson, 29 Iowa, 133. A strong and well reasoned case, fully in point, is that of United States v. Sacramento, 2 Mont. 239; S. C., 25 Am. R. 742. We think that the case of People v. Murray, 5 Crim. L. Mag. 223, supports this view. If the right to object to the depositions offered in evidence in that case was one which the defendant could not waive, then he undoubtedly might make his objection at any time before the case was finally disposed of on appeal. To say that it is an objection which could not be waived, and yet was waived, is to assert two contradictory propositions. It involves a palpable contradiction to affirm that a right can not be waived, and yet was waived. The fair interpretation of the language of that decision is that the right to be confronted with witnesses is one which may be waived and which consent did waive.

That the construction of the Constitution and the rule contended for by appellant can not be correct, an illustration will prove. The section of the Constitution relied on by counsel provides that the accused shall have, a right “to a public trial * * in the county in which the offence shall have been committed,” and our statute gives a change of venue. Would it be seriously pretended that if the accused avails himself of the provisions of this statute, and secures a change of venue, lie can, after trial, insist that the statute is unconstitutional ? i

The case in hand is stronger than any of those cited, for •here the appellant asked and received the benefit of a new right expressly crea'ted by statute. He really obtained, as we have seen, a purely statutory right, and an essential part of that right is the consent that the State may also take and use depositions. It was this statutory right for which he .asked and he could only receive the right as the statute created it, and having received what he sought, and all he sought, he can not demand the overthrow of the statute which created the right.

For more than thirty years the statutory provision under discussion has been acted on by the Legislature, the courts and the people of this State, and we see no just reason for now overturning it.

It is true that we have held that a jury of less than twelve •can not lawfully be empanelled, and that the consent of the defendant will not waive his right to object that a jury of less than twelve is not a lawful one. But the principle which supports these decisions is different from that which rules here. A jury is a part of the court, and courts can only be constituted as the Constitution requires. The jury is important to the public as well as to the defendant, for the objéct of the Constitution is to bring into court men from the body of the people to assist in the administration of the l‘áw. Questions respecting the composition of a jury are, in their nature, jurisdictional, just as are questions respecting the composition and existence of courts. Here the right is in the nature of a privilege which only concerns the individual defendant, and bears only upon the procedure on the trial. State v. Worden, 46 Conn. 349; S. C., 1 Crim. L. Mag. 178. Questions as to the composition of the jury affect the tribunal itself; while questions such as this affect only the individual, and the method «of procedure. In the cases upon the subject of waiving a full jury, there was no question of legislative power involved,, for there is no statute authorizing it, and here there is a statute authorizing a waiver. The question here is whether the Legislature has power to authorize the accused to waive a constitutional privilege. No one doubts that our statute, providing that in felonies not capital a jury trial may be waived, is valid, and yet in the same section of the Constitution relied on by the appellant it is written, “ the accused shall have the right to a public trial by an impartial jury.” The statute to which we refer has stood unchallenged for nearly half a century, and many convictions have been sustained under it, and this long acquiescence by all the branches of the government, and by the people, affords some assistance in construing the constitutional provision. It is not difficult to perceive the radical difference between the two classes of cases, and there is no reason for departing from a long settled practice.

The court has a discretion as to the number of witnesses-that may be called. This rule is recognized in the case of Gardner v. State, 4 Ind. 632. If the court had no discretion in such cases, then the case might be indefinitely delayed, and an unlimited number of witnesses called. But for this rule courts would be subject to the caprice of counsel, and public good would seriously suffer. We agree that this discretion should be so exercised as not to impair the rights of a defendant, nevertheless it does exist. But as the power is a discretionary one, an appellate court can only interfere where it has been abused. If we can say from the record that the discretion has been abused, then we should review the ruling and reverse the judgment. This we can not say, for the number of witnesses was limited to forty-five, and this, in itself, was not an unreasonable limitation. There are no facts in the record shoxving it to be unreasonable, for, as we have seen, the evidence is not here. Under the ixules stated in the introductory part of this opinion, we must presume in favor of the just exex’cise of this discretion, and must also presume that nothing was done that worked prejudice to any of the substantial rights of the appellant.

After the appellant had asked, accepted, and acted upon the order of the court, he” could not withdraw his consent. As said by Cooley, J., in People v. Murray, supra, he could not play fast and loose with the court. If he had declined to take depositions under the order granted him at his request, a different case would have been presented, but this he did not do; on the contrary, he availed himself of the right awarded him under the statute, and, having received the full benefit of it, yet asks that the statute be struck down. He makes this demand without having withdrawn, or offered to withdraw, the depositions taken by him. He demands the benefit but seeks to escape the burden. It would be unjust to permit him to succeed; he asks that which is neither equitable nor just, and we deny his demand.

We can not know, in the absence of the evidence, that the rulings of which he complains did him injury; for anything that appears, the depositions taken, as they must have been, as entireties, may have done him no harm. We can not, in view of the rules heretofore adverted to, presume that they did do him an injury. But we do not press this consideration, for the rulings of the trial court commend themselves to our minds as eminently proper.

The remaining question arises on the ruling of the court upon the challenges of jurors for cause interposed by the appellant. It is a principle of law running through all of its various branches, that all of the declarations of a witness, or a party, must be taken together. The statements of a speaker and the writings of an author are to be judged, not from detached sentences, but from all that is said or written upon the same subject. This is, indeed, a principle of interpretation prevailing in logic, rhetoric, ethics and philosophy. It would be illogical and unjust to act upon disjointed parts of a statement. Under this rule the statements of jurors fall. All that a juror says upon a subject is to be taken, and from all his statements his competency must be determined. Taking into consideration all the statements of the juror whose examination makes the strongest case for the appellant, we think that it does not appear that the trial court erred in allowing him to sit in the case. It appears that with the appellant he had no personal acquaintance, and that he had never seen him until he saw him at the bar of the court; that all he, the juror, knew of the case he had learned from newspapers, and rumors. It is true that the examination of the juror showed that he had a mistaken view of the law applicable to the defence of insanity, but it is also true that he disclosed a willingness and an ability to' yield readily to the law as it exists. More than this, it appears that his opinions were adverse, not to genuine defences of insanity, but to feigned defences of that character. That a man is inclined to view the defence of insanity with scrutinizing caution is no objection to his competency, for it is well settled that it is proper for the court to instruct the jury to scrutinize the defence with care. Speaking of an instruction of this tenor, it was said in Sawyer v. State, 35 Ind. 80: “The observations of the court in that respect meet our unqualified approval.” Goodwin v. State, 96 Ind. 550; Guiteau’s Case, 3 Crim. L. Mag. 347, Wharton’s notes. That the juror expressed himself as impressed unfavorably, and strongly so, by what he had heard and read of the crime is true, but it is also true that he affirmed that this impression would yield to the evidence and the law. We suppose most men are moved by a narrative of a crime, but this of itself does not necessarily render them incapable of justly weighing the evidence and properly applying the law. Elliott v. State, 73 Ind. 10. In the case cited it was said: “A juror’s opinion of the morality of a particular transaction certainly can not be considered in determining his competency to try one accused thereof. If so, jurors could not be found to try those charged with murder, arson, rape, or any of the crimes which are mala in se. All good men, and most bad men, are prejudiced against such acts, and deem them improper and immoral.” The subject we are discussing received careful consideration and was elaborately discussed in Stout v. State, 90 Ind. 1, and it was said, as we may say here: “At all events the facts presented by the answers of each one of these persons raised a question for the decision of the court in connection with the general appearance and the demeanor of the proposed jurors, and concerning which the provision, quoted as above, confers a judicial discretion, and there is nothing disclosed from which we can infer any abuse in this case of the discretion thus conferred.”

Filed Oct. 9, 1884.

We have given the appellant the benefit of the most favorable construction of the record possible, and have given to the able arguments of his learned and zealous counsel all the care and consideration that we could command, but we can find no error that will warrant a reversal, and we must, therefore, affirm the judgment.