139 Mo. 467 | Mo. | 1897
By this action plaintiff seeks to have set aside and canceled certain deeds to about twelve thousand acres of land in Dent county, made by the Nova Scotia Iron Company, a corporation, to certain of its directors, and by them afterward conveyed to the defendant, the Harrison Land & Mining-Company. Plaintiff, as an after execution creditor of the Nova Scotia Iron Company, sold the land as the property of the Nova Scotia Iron Company, and became the purchaser thereof.
The petition in substance charges that the deed to the Dent county land from the Nova Scotia Iron
Upon the testimony under the issues as thus made up the court found: “That Lackland, Harrison and Howard being directors of the Nova Scotia Iron Company, took all of the assets of said corporation in payment of their own claims, with full knowledge of plaintiff’s claim'and that the same in equity should be charged with the payment of plaintiff’s judgment, and that the said Harrison Land and Mining Company, through its said stockholders and directors, B. J. Lackland, Thomas Howard and John W. Harrison, took the deed to said real estate with full knowledge of plaintiff’s claim, and that the said real estate, in the hands of the said Harrison Land & Mining Company, should in equity be charged with the payment of plaintiff’s judgment; that the said transfer from Nova {Scotia Iron Company to said Harrison, Lackland and Howard, was not fraudulent, but yet was against the rights of said plaintiff to the extent that he is entitled to have said land in the hands of defendant charged with the payment of said judgment.”
It was therefore decreed that plaintiff’s sheriff’s deed be set aside and canceled, that plaintiff recover of defendants the sum of $2,164.45, and judgment therefor was declared a lien and charge upon the lands
Without going into the testimony in detail, it will be sufficient to say that the Nova Scotia Iron Company was organized as a corporation under the laws of this State for the purpose of smelting and • manufacturing pig iron; that Lackland, Harrison and Howard were th,e directors and sole stockholders of the company; that the company began operations in Dent county by erecting smelters and furnaces, building a branch railroad, and buying up a large tract of mineral land, and doing all other acts and things necessary to carry on and keep in operation a large plant for the manufacture of pig iron.
That the furnace went into blast in 1881, and continued in operation until 1885, when by reason of the failure to produce further ore from its mines and for various causes, the company ceased operations, at the time owing to its directors Lackland, Harrison and Howard $100,000 or more. The indebtedness of the company with the exception of that of plaintiffs and a few small current bills, was all owing to these directors for money advanced by them from time to time to keep the enterprise going. There was also testimony tending to show that the company did not know of plaintiff’s claim until just a short time before suit was begun on it in 1889, four years after the company had ceased active business.
After the furnace had remained idle for about four years and the directors found that it was impracticable to carry on the enterprise longer in Dent county, it was determined to close up business in that county and to abandon the Nova Scotia works and to start a new furnace at Paducah, Kentucky. A company was accordingly incorporated at that place by Lackland, Harrison and Howard, as sole stockholders
The Riverside railway and engine and other property of the Nova Scotia Iron Company were1 also sold to Lackland, Harrison and Howard in the same proportionate interests pursuant to the same resolution. The testimony further shows that all of the property sold and transferred by the Nova Scotia company to the Paducah company, the Harrison Land & Mining Company, and to Lackland, Harrison and Howard, was disposed of at a fair and reasonable price and that it did not equal in value the amount of the Nova Scotia company’s indebtedness to Lackland, Harrison and Howard; that the company had no other property or assets than was disposed of as above; that the officers of the company had been notified of plaintiff’s claim before the board of directors passed the -resolution authorizing the transfer and disposition of all its property, and that within a day or so following the passage of the resolution of the board of directors, this plain
Plaintiff’s petition in its substantial averments is but a proceeding to invalidate defendant’s deeds to the lands in controversy on the ground of fraud in fact, with a second count in ejectment' for the possession of same, and is in no sense a creditor’s bill asking that the so-called fraudulent conveyance of the land be set aside and same be resold under an order of the court, and the proceeds divided pro rata among all the creditors, after an accounting has taken place. It is not our purpose, however, in this opinion, to discuss the form of the proceeding, or to criticise the impropriety of the particular deci’ee entered, but will confine our discussion^ to the vital question that presents itself for determination regardless of the form of the action, or the want of authority for the decree as rendered. That is, can an insolvent corporation prefer its director creditors, in the disposition of its property, to the exclusion of its general nondirector creditors, so long as the property of the corporation remains in its custody and possession, and the preference is made in good faith, to pay off and discharge honest obligations'? Or as that proposition bears upon the facts of this case, ought the title of the defendants to the land in question prevail against that of the plaintiff?
As will be seen from a reading of the judgment and decree of the trial court, all the issues of fact were found against the allegations of plaintiff’s petition and in favor of the contention of the defendants. Yet the court adjudged the conveyance made by the corpora
While there is to be found asserted in several opinions of this court the general expression “the assets of an insolvent corporation is a trust fund in the hands of its directors for the benefit of all its creditors,” and while there is to be found asserted in the earlier cases in some of our sister States, the broad doctrine that when a corporation becomes insolvent its property and, assets at once become converted into a trust fund of which its directors are trustees for all the creditors of the corporation,.and that the directors have no power to prefer their claims, or those of any particular creditor or creditors, as against all creditors in general, but must proceed as though they were receivers or assignees, to sell out, wind up, and distribute the proceeds therefrom among all creditors ratably, no such doctrines have ever obtained in this State in that fullness, or if ever recognized have had no sanction since the ruling in the case of Foster v. Planing Mill Co., 92 Mo. 87, wherein Sheewood, J., speaking for the court, used this clear and positive
And in the still more recent case of Schufeldt v. Smith et al., 131 Mo. 280, where the directors of tlíe insolvent corporation by a resolution of the board executed a deed of trust to one Smith as trustee, securing the corporation creditors in the order of preference declared in the deed, and early in the order was one of its members, it was sought to have set aside the deed of trust as absolutely void on the ground that the directors had no power to bind the corporation to the agreement made with themselves, this court, after a denial of the correctness of the proposition asserted by plaintiff in that, as in this case, used this language: “But it can not be said as a correct proposition of law that officers of a corporation can not themselves and in their own names, contract with it. To so hold would virtually deny to corporations the credit upon which so much of the business of the country is transacted, and which is so essential to success. If the stockholders and officers of corporations are not permitted to advance money to them, or to indorse for them, without subjecting themselves to such disadvantages, they would be deprived of this most valuable
In all of the reported cases in this State where the proposition is announced in the course of the opinion that “the assets of the insolvent corporation are to be treated as a trust fund for the benefit of all the creditors” the insolvency of the corporation has been confessed, or a court of equity has been appealed to by the corporation or some of its creditors to take charge of, protect, dispose of or distribute the assets according to equitable principles, or the right of disposition of the property by the corporation had been stayed, either by its voluntary action, or by legal process directed against the corporation or its officers; but never to a going concern, empowered by its very creation with the right to transact business and to acquiring and alienating property.
It is no answer to the assertion of disposition of corporate property by its directors at all times and to whomsoever they desire, so long as it remains under the directors’ management and control, to say that the corporation was created for public objects, or in consideration of public benefits, and was clothed by its charter or governing statute with the performance of public duties, and therefore its property is impressed with the qualities of a public trust; that its directors and managers can not deal with it other than as with a trust for the public or general good, as soon as a
' If the assets of an insolvent corporation are to be held and treated by the courts as a trust fund for the benefit of all creditors alike at a time before a court has taken charge thereof, and the court is permitted to reach back of the time when its authority over the corporation and its property was first openly asserted, to ascertain when in fact a state of insolvency did exist, and from that time on impress a trust burden on all after disposed of property, all dealings with corporations would be involved in such uncertainty and possible embarrassment as to render them unfit to prosecute the business affairs of every day life, in which they now play so conspicuous a part. No bankruptcy, insolvency or assignment act, to the knowledge .of the writer, has ever gone to that extreme limit in reach
The only sense in which it can be said that the assets of an insolvent corporation are trust funds when in the hands of its managing board of directors, is that the assets must be used to the discharge of the corporation obligations, before any portion of it can be absorbed by the directors in the payment of stock or certificate obligations of the stockholders, whether they be director or non-director stockholders.
Then if the assets of an insolvent corporation in the hands of its board of directors is not a trust fund to be used for the benefit of all its creditors ratably, can not they dispose of the property to themselves as creditors, to the exclusion of others if desired, bound only by the limit of good faith? That a corporation can contract with its directors for an indebtedness can not be questioned. In fact the corporation can not act without the incurring of an obligation in favor of its managing board, and the incurring of a necessary obligation implies by a like necessity the duty to discharge it, and that duty with the power of disposition, which is an incident to ownership and control of property, means the right of election and preference in the matter of disposing of corporation assets when inadequate to satisfy in full all demands against it. The trust fund doctrine as applied to the assets of an insolvent corporation managing its own affairs can extend no further than to restrain the disposition thereof to
If it be conceded for the sake of plaintiff’s contention now made since the case has reached this court, that the assets of the Nova Scotia Iron Company, in consequence of its insolvency at the time of making the deed to the lands in controversy to defendant’s grantor, became and was a trust fund, would it not be a joint trust for the benefit of all its creditors among whom-according to the facts of the case, and the finding of the trial court, were defendant’s grantors?
Such being the case, Lackland, Harrison and Howard, and the defendants as their grantee, certainly stand on a footing at least as good as that of the plaintiff, who was but a general creditor of the company; and plaintiff’s remedy should have been by a creditor’s bill in equity under which all the assets and property of the Nova Scotia Iron Company could have been ascertained, marshaled together and resold, and the proceeds ordered distributed ratably among all the creditors, including the respondent as well as plaintiff. Instead of such a proceeding he has sought through the one instituted here, which is in effect a law action, to appropriate the property of this defendant, conveyed to its grantors by the Nova Scotia Iron Company for full value, and in partial discharge of an honest obligation owing by the company to defendant grantors, for his own exclusive benefit. If the assets of the corporation are a trust fund, then the only forum for its disposition is in a court of equity, where all rights to the fund can be ascertained and determined, and where the clash and confusion incident to the assertion of individual liens and obligations regardless of the right of others may be avoided.
Under the facts of this ease as disclosed by the evidence the plaintiff finds himself now in the awkward
The property of the Nova Scotia Iron Company at the time its directors made the deeds to the lands in controversy to themselves was not trust property in the sense that the directors, having its management and control in land, could not dispose of it to whomsoever they might choose in settlement or payment of honest obligations against the corporation for its reasonable value, without leaving it impressed with the burden of plaintiff’s or any or all other demands against the company. If the land in suit was not trust property at the time it was deeded, and the corporation had the right of free disposition, which involves the idea of preference, that preference could be made in favor of its directors, when, as in this case, it was shown to have been done in settlement and discharge of honest claims. From the finding of facts by the trial court, and as the record shows them to exist, it is evident that the decree entered herein was predicated upon the theory that all the land in suit in the hands of the directors was trust property, burdened with all the debts of the corporation.
It follows from what has been said that the judgment of the trial court should be reversed and the cause remanded, with directions that the circuit court make an order dismissing plaintiff’s bill, and it is so ordered.