Rigoberto AGUILAR-TURCIOS, Petitioner, v. Eric H. HOLDER, JR., Attorney General, Respondent.
No. 06-73451
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit
Sept. 10, 2013
1294
Agency No. A045-301-132. David Belaire Landry, Esquire, Law Office of David Landry, San Diego, CA, for Petitioner. OIL, Andrew C. MacLachlan, Senior Litigation Counsel, Bryan Stuart Beier, Senior Litigation Counsel, Robert Markle, Senior Litigation Counsel, Holly Smith, Senior Litigation Counsel, U.S. Department of Justice Washington, DC, ICE, Office of the Chief Counsel Department of Homeland Security, San Francisco, CA, for Respondent. Before WILLIAM A. FLETCHER, RICHARD A. PAEZ, and JAY S. BYBEE, Circuit Judges.
REVERSED AND REMANDED.
ORDER
The opinion filed on August 15, 2012, and reported at Aguilar-Turcios v. Holder, 691 F.3d 1025 (9th Cir.2012), is withdrawn. The opinion shall not be cited as precedent by or to any court of the Ninth Circuit. A new opinion will be filed in due course. As the court‘s opinion is withdrawn, the government‘s petition for rehearing is moot.
Thom D. Roberts, Assistant Utah Attorney General (Mark L. Shurtleff, Attorney General, with him on the brief), Salt Lake City, UT, for Defendant-Appellee.
Before LUCERO, EBEL, and HOLMES, Circuit Judges.
EBEL, Circuit Judge.
INTRODUCTION
Plaintiffs-Appellants—Bushco Corp; Companions, L.L.C.; and TT II, Inc. (“Appellants“)—are escort services licensed as sexually oriented businesses. Defendant-Appellee is the Attorney General of the State of Utah (“Attorney General“).1 Appellants brought a lawsuit in federal district court for the district of Utah, seeking declaratory and injunctive relief. They claimed that certain amendments (“Amendments“) to
The district court held that § 1313(2) was unconstitutionally vague, and therefore ordered that that provision be severed and stricken from the statute. But the court upheld § 1313(1)(c). Appellants appealed the court‘s ruling that § 1313(1)(c) is constitutional, and the Attorney General filed a cross-appeal, challenging the court‘s ruling that § 1313(2) is unconstitutionally vague.
On appeal before this court are three main issues: (1) whether issue preclusion applies to the question of the Statute‘s constitutionality because a district court previously held unconstitutional similar language of a predecessor statute,
This opinion reaches the following conclusions: (1) Issue preclusion does not apply, because the Predecessor Sexual Activity Statute and the Sexual Solicitation Statute are different statutes, with different purposes, and the constitutionality of the Sexual Solicitation Statute at issue in this case was not previously litigated. (2) The Amendments are not unconstitutionally overbroad because they do not encompass a substantial amount of constitutionally protected conduct. Moreover, the Amendments do not place too great a burden on Appellants’ speech rights because they pass the O‘Brien test for incidental restrictions on First Amendment rights. (3) Section 1313(1)(c) is not unconstitutionally vague, because it provides fair notice of the prohibited conduct and sufficient guidance to law enforcement. Similarly, § 1313(2) is not unconstitutionally vague, because it does not authorize or encourage
discriminatory enforcement of the Sexual Solicitation Statute.
BACKGROUND
A. The Sexual Solicitation Statute
In March 2011, the Utah legislature passed House Bill 121, entitled “Sex Solicitation Amendments,” which the governor signed into law, effective May 10, 2011. 2011 Utah Laws Ch. 32 (codified as amended at
1. A person is guilty of sexual solicitation when the person:
... .
c. with intent to engage in sexual activity for a fee or to pay another person to commit any sexual activity for a fee engages in, offers or agrees to engage in, or requests or directs another to engage in any of the following acts:
i. exposure of a person‘s genitals, the buttocks, the anus, the pubic area, or the female breast below the top of the areola;
ii. masturbation;
iii. touching of a person‘s genitals, the buttocks, the anus, the pubic area, or the female breast; or
iv. any act of lewdness.
2. An intent to engage in sexual activity for a fee may be inferred from a person‘s engaging in, offering or agreeing to engage in, or requesting or directing another to engage in any of the following acts described in Subsection (1)(c) under the totality of the existing circumstances.
The Attorney General asserts that the Amendments are necessary because prostitutes may ask undercover police officers to engage in conduct listed in § 1313(1)(c) as a means of identifying police officers by their refusal to engage in such conduct. Indeed, the Chief of the Salt Lake City Police Department testified before the Utah legislature that the Amendments quoted above are necessary to prevent Utah‘s prostitution laws from being circumvented.
B. The Lawsuit
Appellants are escort services licensed as sexually oriented businesses. These businesses employ or contract with licensed escorts who provide companionship
or adult entertainment to patrons. Appellants filed a lawsuit against the Attorney General, arguing that the Amendments to the Sexual Solicitation Statute were unconstitutional.
JURISDICTION
The district court had jurisdiction pursuant to
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 58 specifies that, with a few exceptions that do not apply to this case, “[e]very judgment ... must be set out in a separate document,” and that the clerk will enter judgment. When the Notice of Appeal was initially filed, the district court clerk had not entered judgment on this action in a separate document following the docketing of the district court‘s memorandum decision. Accordingly, we directed the parties to brief the question of this Court‘s jurisdiction.
In response, Appellants filed a request for entry of judgment with the district court, and the deputy clerk entered a “clerk‘s judgment” in this matter.4 We therefore consider the previously filed Notices of Appeal by the Appellants and Attorney General to be timely,
STANDARD OF REVIEW
“A motion for summary judgment should be granted ‘if the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.‘” Thomson v. Salt Lake Cnty., 584 F.3d 1304, 1312 (10th Cir.2009) (quoting Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c)). This court will “review the district court‘s grant of summary judgment de novo, employing the same legal standard applicable in the district court.”
DISCUSSION
I. Whether Issue Preclusion Bars Consideration of This Appeal
In the case before the Court in this appeal, Appellants claim that issue preclusion applies because the language in the Sexual Solicitation Statute is similar to the language in the Predecessor Sexual Activity Statute,
We will first provide background information about the Predecessor Sexual Activity Statute and the Guinther decision, which held language in that statute unconstitutional. We will then discuss whether issue preclusion applies in this case.
A. The Predecessor Statute and the Guinther Decision
In 1987, the Utah legislature passed a statute that defined “sexual activity” for purposes of the part of the Utah Code dealing with prostitution. This statute read as follows:
“Sexual activity” means acts of masturbation, sexual intercourse, or any touching of a person‘s clothed or unclothed genitals, pubic area, buttocks, anus, or, if the person is a female, her breast, whether alone or between members of the same or opposite sex, or between humans and animals, in an act of apparent or actual sexual stimulation or gratification.
(1) a person is guilty of prostitution when:
(a) He engages or offers or agrees to engage in any sexual activity with another person for a fee ... .
The Predecessor Sexual Activity Statute was challenged by a group of plaintiffs that included, among others, some adult entertainers. Guinther, 679 F.Supp. at 1068. The federal district court for the District of Utah held that the following emphasized language was unconstitutionally overbroad and vague:
“Sexual activity” means acts of masturbation, sexual intercourse, or any touching of a person‘s clothed or unclothed genitals, pubic area, buttocks, anus, or, if the person is a female, her breast, whether alone or between members of the same or opposite sex, or between
humans and animals, in an act of apparent or actual sexual stimulation or gratification.
Specifically, the court concluded that the emphasized language was overbroad because although “the statute embraces conduct that very well justifiably may be regulated under the police power of the state, ... it is so broad as also to embrace conduct which could not justifiably be so regulated.” Guinther, 679 F.Supp. at 1070. Moreover, the court held that the language was unconstitutionally vague because “[t]here is no definition or standard set forth in the statute concerning the meaning of the term ‘apparent or actual sexual stimulation or gratification,‘”
B. Whether Issue Preclusion Applies in This Case
“[I]ssue preclusion bars a party from relitigating an issue once it has suffered an adverse determination on the issue, even if the issue arises when the party is pursuing or defending against a different claim.” Park Lake Res. Ltd. Liab. v. U.S. Dep‘t of Agr., 378 F.3d 1132, 1136 (10th Cir.2004); accord United States v. Mendoza, 464 U.S. 154, 158 (1984) (“Under the judicially-developed doctrine of collateral estoppel, once a court has decided an issue of fact or law necessary to its judgment, that decision is conclusive in a subsequent suit based on a different cause of action involving a party to the prior litigation.“). Issue preclusion applies when:
(1) the issue previously decided is identical with the one presented in the action in question, (2) the prior action has been finally adjudicated on the merits, (3) the party against whom the doctrine is invoked was a party, or in privity with a party, to the prior adjudication, and (4) the party against whom the doctrine is raised had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue in the prior action. Park Lake Res. Ltd. Liab., 378 F.3d at 1136. Because we conclude that the issue previously decided is not identical with the one presented in this action, we only consider the first factor.
The issue previously decided is not identical with the one presented in this action. The Sexual Solicitation Statute is a different statute than the Predecessor Sexual Activity Statute at issue in Guinther. Indeed, the statutes were put into place by separate legislative enactments, and they serve distinct purposes. The Predecessor Sexual Activity Statute gave the definition of “sexual activity” that applied to the part of the Utah Code dealing with prostitution.
Moreover, the Predecessor Sexual Activity Statute and the Sexual Solicitation Statute are different in their effect. Unlike the Predecessor Sexual Activity Statute, the Sexual Solicitation Statute does not criminalize merely participating in, for a fee, the prohibited exposure or touching. Instead, it criminalizes participating in the enumerated exposure or touching with the
II. Whether the Challenged Provisions of the Sexual Solicitation Statute Are Unconstitutional
“Facial challenges are strong medicine.” Ward v. Utah, 398 F.3d 1239, 1246-47 (10th Cir.2005). Accordingly, “facial challenges are best when infrequent.”
With this principle in mind, this opinion will consider (A) whether the Amendments to the Sexual Solicitation Statute are overbroad or violate the First Amendment; and (B) whether the Amendments are unconstitutionally vague. For the reasons discussed below, we reject Appellants’ challenges.
A. Whether the Amendments to the Sexual Solicitation Statute Are Overbroad or Place Too Great a Burden on Expression Protected by the First Amendment
Appellants argue that the Amendments to the Sexual Solicitation Statute are overbroad and infringe on expression protected by the First Amendment. The district court rejected the argument that § 1313(1)(c) was overbroad and held that the provision “does not infringe on a substantial amount of protected speech.” Aplt.App. at 197. The district court also held that the provision “satisfies all four prongs of the O‘Brien test and does not infringe on expression protected by the First Amendment.”
1. Whether the Amendments Are Overbroad
Appellants claim that the First Amendment protects much of the exposure and touching listed in § 1313(c), and that the Amendments are impermissibly directed at regulating the expressive message conveyed by adult entertainers through exposure and touching. They further contend that the Statute is overbroad, because it would chill a variety of protected expression. For instance, they argue that the Statute would apply to theatrical performers who use some of the enumerated exposure or touching to convey an artistic message.
Under First Amendment overbreadth doctrine, “a statute is facially invalid if it prohibits a substantial amount of protected speech.” United States v. Williams, 553 U.S. 285, 292, 128 S.Ct. 1830, 170 L.Ed.2d 650 (2008). However, “[t]he mere fact that one can conceive of some impermissible applications of a statute is not sufficient to render it susceptible to an overbreadth challenge.”
As relevant to the exposure and touching listed in the Sexual Solicitation Statute, “the Supreme Court has acknowledged that some forms of nude dancing may be properly characterized as expressive conduct within the outer perimeters of the First Amendment,” but “the Supreme Court has not recognized a fundamental right to unrestrained nude dancing in all settings.” Id. at 1441. And the Supreme Court has noted that certain types of “sexual activity ... manifest[] absolutely no element of protected expression.” Arcara v. Cloud Books, Inc., 478 U.S. 697, 705, 106 S.Ct. 3172, 92 L.Ed.2d 568 (1986). Indeed, Appellants do not claim that the participation in sexual activity for a fee—prostitution—is a constitutionally protected activity. See, e.g., Mini Spas, Inc. v. S. Salt Lake City Corp., 810 F.2d 939, 941 (10th Cir.1987). They likewise agree that the State may prohibit “offering or agreeing to a sex act for hire.” Aplt. Br. at 31.
Even assuming, without deciding, that the exposure and touching enumerated in the Amendments is constitutionally protected expressive conduct under some circumstances, we nonetheless conclude that the Amendments do not reach a substantial amount of protected speech. The Statute only prohibits participation in the enumerated exposure or touching done with the intent to engage in, or pay for, sexual activity for a fee. See
In other words, the Sexual Solicitation Statute does not criminalize the enumerated touching or exposure when done without the intent to participate in statutorily defined sexual activity for a fee. Thus, it does not reach the conduct of an actor clasping her breast as part of a stage performance or a wife touching her husband‘s buttocks during an embrace. The intent requirement contained in the Statute ensures that the Statute only criminalizes the enumerated touching and exposure when done with the intent to participate in, for a fee, statutorily defined sexual activity. Because the Statute is limited only to requesting or performing touching or exposure with the unlawful intent to engage in, or pay for, sexual activity for a fee, the Amendments do not, on their face, reach a substantial amount of constitutionally protected speech.
2. Whether the Amendments Place Too Great a Burden on Expression Protected by the First Amendment
Appellants claim that the Sexual Solicitation Statute places too great a burden on expression protected by the First Amendment, because the Amendments are not necessary to advance a substantial government interest. They also contend that, rather than being intended to prevent people from engaging in sexual activity for a fee, the Amendments are aimed at “expressive activities which may tangentially be related to the offending conduct.” Aplt. Br. at 37. The district court rejected these arguments and concluded that any incidental restriction on Appellants’ First Amendment rights was no greater than
The Supreme Court has held that “when ‘speech’ and ‘nonspeech’ elements are combined in the same course of conduct, a sufficiently important governmental interest in regulating the nonspeech element can justify incidental limitations on First Amendment freedoms.” United States v. O‘Brien, 391 U.S. 367, 376, 88 S.Ct. 1673, 20 L.Ed.2d 672 (1968). In determining if such incidental limitations are justified, courts apply the test articulated by the Supreme Court in O‘Brien. Under this test,
[A] government regulation is sufficiently justified [1] if it is within the constitutional power of the government; [2] if it furthers an important or substantial governmental interest; [3] if the governmental interest is unrelated to the suppression of free expression; and [4] if the incidental restriction on alleged First Amendment freedoms is no greater than is essential to the furtherance of that interest.
We assume, without deciding, that the Sexual Solicitation Statute may place some incidental limitations on First Amendment freedoms, but we conclude that each of the O‘Brien factors is met in this case. Thus, any incidental limitation on expression protected by the First Amendment is justified. We will address each factor in turn.
First, it is within the power of the state to enact the Sexual Solicitation Statute. “The traditional police power of the States is defined as the authority to provide for the public health, safety, and morals, and [the U.S. Supreme Court has] upheld such a basis for legislation.” Barnes v. Glen Theatre, Inc., 501 U.S. 560, 569, 111 S.Ct. 2456, 115 L.Ed.2d 504 (1991) (holding that a “public indecency statute furthers a substantial government interest in protecting order and morality“); see, e.g., Arcara, 478 U.S. at 711, 106 S.Ct. 3172 (“A State has a legitimate interest in forbidding sexual acts committed in public ... .“).
In this case,
Second, the Statute furthers an important government interest. We have held that a “city‘s interest in suppressing illegal sexual conduct is a ‘substantial’ or ‘important’ one.” See Mini Spas, Inc., 810 F.2d at 941. Accordingly, we have previously upheld a city‘s dress code for massage businesses on the basis that the city had an important interest in suppressing prostitution.
Finally, the incidental restriction is no greater than necessary to further the state‘s interest in controlling prostitution. Appellants contend that the prohibitions against self-touching and exposure are greater than is necessary to prosecute prostitutes. But the Amendments only prohibit conduct done with the intent to engage in, or pay for, sexual activity for a fee; thus, the Statute does not reach any exposure or touching done without that intent. Accordingly, the Amendments are carefully tied to the State‘s interest in preventing prostitution, and any other touching and exposure engaged in by adult entertainers or other performers does not fall within the ambit of the Statute.
For these reasons, the Amendments to the Sexual Solicitation Statute pass the O‘Brien test; thus, any incidental restriction on First Amendment rights is justified.
And under the exacting analysis that we apply to facial challenges, Ward, 398 F.3d at 1246-47, we conclude that, on their face, the Amendments are not overbroad and do not impose too great a restriction on expression protected by the First Amendment. But we note that individuals could bring an as-applied challenge if the Statute were ever applied in a manner that suppressed expression protected by the First Amendment.
B. Whether the Amendments to the Sexual Solicitation Statute Are Unconstitutionally Vague
“[T]he void-for-vagueness doctrine requires that a penal statute define the criminal offense with sufficient definiteness that ordinary people can understand what conduct is prohibited and in a manner that does not encourage arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement.” Kolender v. Lawson, 461 U.S. 352, 357, 103 S.Ct. 1855, 75 L.Ed.2d 903 (1983); see United States v. Corrow, 119 F.3d 796, 802 n. 9 (10th Cir.1997) (“[A] void-for-vagueness challenge to a state statute involves the Fourteenth Amendment‘s due process clause.“); cf. Williams, 553 U.S. at 304, 128 S.Ct. 1830 (“Vagueness doctrine is an outgrowth not of the First Amendment, but of the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment.“). “A statute can be impermissibly vague for either of two independent reasons. First, if it fails to provide people of ordinary intelligence a reasonable opportunity to understand what conduct it prohibits. Second, if it authorizes or even encourages arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement.” Hill v. Colorado, 530 U.S. 703, 732, 120 S.Ct. 2480, 147 L.Ed.2d 597 (2000). But the Supreme Court has noted that “speculation about possible vagueness in hypothetical situations not before the
This opinion will first consider § 1313(1)(c), and then consider § 1313(2). It concludes that neither subsection is unconstitutionally vague.
1. Whether § 1313(1)(c) Is Unconstitutionally Vague
The district court rejected Appellants’ argument that § 1313(1)(c) was void for vagueness. The court explained:
[T]he primary requirement of Subsection (1)(c) is that there must be evidence of intent to engage in sexual activity for a fee plus one of the overt acts listed in (i) through (iv). The crime is clearly defined as intent plus a specifically identified act. The subsection not only clearly outlines the behavior and requisite intent to create culpability under the statute such that a person of ordinary intelligence would be on notice of what conduct is prohibited, but it also provides a clear legal standard for those who will enforce the statute. Accordingly, Subsection (1)(c) is not unconstitutionally vague.
Aplt.App. at 196. This opinion will first consider (i) whether § 1313(1)(c) fails to provide fair notice of what conduct it prohibits, and (ii) whether § 1313(1)(c) authorizes or even encourages arbitrary or discriminatory enforcement.
i. Whether 1313(1)(c) Fails to Provide Fair Notice of the Conduct it Prohibits
“Vague laws may trap the innocent by not providing fair warning.” Grayned v. City of Rockford, 408 U.S. 104, 108, 92 S.Ct. 2294, 33 L.Ed.2d 222 (1972). Nonetheless, “a scienter requirement may mitigate a law‘s vagueness, especially with respect to the adequacy of notice to the complainant that his conduct is proscribed.” Ward, 398 F.3d at 1252 (internal quotation marks omitted). “Thus, when a statute might otherwise be vague, a scienter requirement mitigates the vagueness and makes the statute constitutional.”
In this case, § 1313(1)(c) gives fair notice of what conduct it prohibits. Indeed, the statute specifically enumerates the conduct it proscribes. It prohibits a person, with the intent to engage in, or pay for, sexual activity for a fee, from offer[ing] or agree[ing] to engage in, or request[ing] or direct[ing] another to engage in any of the following acts:
(i.) exposure of a person‘s genitals, the buttocks, the anus, the pubic area, or the female breast below the top of the areola;
(ii.) masturbation;
(iii.) touching of a person‘s genitals, the buttocks, the anus, the pubic area, or the female breast; or
(iv.) any act of lewdness.
Appellants raise a concern about the term “masturbation,” but we do not consider the term “masturbation” to be vague, because § 1313(1)(c) prohibits actual masturbation, with the intent to engage in, or pay for, sexual activity for a fee. It does
Appellants raise a concern about the phrase “any act of lewdness,” but we do not consider the phrase to be vague, because the “commonsense canon of noscitur a sociis ... counsels that a word is given more precise content by the neighboring words with which it is associated.” Freeman v. Quicken Loans, Inc., 566 U.S. 624, 634-35, 132 S.Ct. 2034, 2042, 182 L.Ed.2d 955 (2012); accord United States v. Phillips, 543 F.3d 1197, 1206 (10th Cir.2008) (“Under the venerable interpretive canons of noscitur a sociis and ejusdem generis, the meaning of a catchall phrase is given precise content by the specific terms that precede it.“). Thus, “any act of lewdness” must refer to conduct of the same type and seriousness as the exposure, touching, and masturbation otherwise enumerated in the other provisions of § 1313(1)(c).
Additionally, and most importantly, the statute contains a scienter requirement—it requires that the person do any act prohibited by § 1313(1)(c) “with intent to engage in sexual activity for a fee or to pay another person to commit any sexual activity for a fee.”
ii. Whether § 1313(1)(c) Authorizes or Encourages Arbitrary or Discriminatory Enforcement
Appellants primarily argue that the scienter requirement—that the act must be done “with intent to engage in sexual activity for a fee or to pay another person to commit any sexual activity for a fee,”
In determining if a scienter requirement “foster[s] arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement,” we have explained that “[s]pecific intent is an objectively verifiable requirement with a long history in American jurisprudence.” Ward, 398 F.3d at 1253. Thus, in Ward, we rejected a plaintiff‘s argument that, because of the intent requirement of a statute, the “analysis is subjective and left to the arbitrary assessment of the charging law officer.”
In this case, the Sexual Solicitation Statute contains the requirement that a person
2. Whether § 1313(2) Is Unconstitutionally Vague
In its cross-appeal, the Attorney General argues that the district court erred in concluding that § 1313(2) of the Sex Solicitation Statute was unconstitutionally vague. Section 1313(2) reads as follows:
An intent to engage in sexual activity for a fee may be inferred [by the factfinder] from a person‘s engaging in, offering or agreeing to engage in, or requesting or directing another to engage in any of the following acts described in Subsection (1)(c) under the totality of the existing circumstances.
The Supreme Court has held that “[a] vague law impermissibly delegates basic policy matters to policemen, judges, and juries for resolution on an ad hoc and subjective basis, with the attendant dangers of arbitrary and discriminatory application.” Grayned, 408 U.S. at 108-09, 92 S.Ct. 2294. Thus, “if arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement is to be prevented, laws must provide explicit standards for those who apply them.”
In this case, § 1313(2) provides a standard—that “intent to engage in sexual activity for a fee may be inferred ... under the totality of the existing circumstances.”
Indeed, this court has held that “a showing of mens rea may and often is inferred from circumstantial evidence.” United States v. Haymond, 672 F.3d 948, 957 (10th Cir.2012) (internal quotation marks omitted), cert. denied, 567 U.S. 915, 132 S.Ct. 2789, 183 L.Ed.2d 651 (2012). To that end, the Tenth Circuit Criminal Pattern Jury Instructions state that “indirect or circumstantial evidence ... [is] the proof of a chain of facts which point to the existence or non-existence of certain other facts,” and that “[a]s a general rule, the law makes no distinction between direct and circumstantial evidence.” Tenth Circuit Criminal Pattern Jury Instruction 1.07 (2011). Instead, “[t]he law simply requires that [the factfinder] find the facts in accord with all the evidence in the case, both direct and circumstantial.”
Moreover, as a specific example in the context of criminal intent, this court has indicated that the required criminal intent
In sum, the language of § 1313(2) does not broaden a police officer‘s discretion to the point that the provision “authorizes or even encourages arbitrary and discriminatory enforcement,” Hill, 530 U.S. at 732, 120 S.Ct. 2480. Instead, it constrains the officer‘s discretion. Section 1313(2) is not impermissibly vague under the “exacting analysis” we apply to facial challenges. See Ward, 398 F.3d at 1247. Accordingly, we reverse the district court‘s ruling holding § 1313(2) unconstitutional and striking it from the Sexual Solicitation Statute.
CONCLUSION
“Because facial challenges push the judiciary towards the edge of its traditional purview and expertise, courts must be vigilant in applying a most exacting analysis to such claims.” Ward, 398 F.3d at 1247. Applying this standard, we conclude that the challenged Amendments to the Sexual Solicitation Statute are not facially unconstitutional. Specifically, the Amendments are not overbroad because they do not reach a substantial amount of protected speech. Moreover, the Amendments pass the O‘Brien test for incidental restrictions on First Amendment rights, and therefore do not place too great a burden on expression protected by the First Amendment. Additionally, we conclude that the Amendments are not unconstitutionally vague, because they provide fair notice of the prohibited conduct and sufficient guidance to law enforcement, and do not authorize or encourage discriminatory enforcement of the Sexual Solicitation Statute.
Accordingly, we affirm the district court‘s ruling as to the constitutionality of § 1313(1)(c), but reverse the district court‘s ruling that § 1313(2) is unconstitutionally vague.
Notes
We note that this “clerk‘s judgment” does not mention the aspect of the district court‘s memorandum decision from which Appellants appeal—the court‘s ruling that § 1313(1)(c) is constitutional. And the parties do not address this in their briefs. But in any event,IT IS SO ORDERED AND ADJUDGED that judgment be entered as follows: that
Utah Code § 76-10-1313(2) is unconstitutionally vague and is severed and stricken fromUtah Code § 76-10-1313 .