423 Mass. 874 | Mass. | 1996
The Commonwealth appeals from the denial of its motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict or, in the alternative, for a new trial. We transferred the case from the Appeals Court to this court on our own initiative. We reverse the judgment entered in the Superior Court and order that judgment be entered for the Commonwealth.
The plaintiffs brought this action against the Commonwealth under G. L. c. 258 (1994 ed.), the Massachusetts
The plaintiffs claimed at the jury trial that the Commonwealth, through its employees, was negligent and its negligence caused the decedent’s death. The judge instructed the jury on two theories of negligence. He told the jury that, if Morgante was acting within the scope of his employment as a public employee while serving LaCasse the alcoholic beverages and was negligent, the jury could find the Commonwealth vicariously hable. The judge also instructed the jury that, if the National Guard had control over the alcohol served at the armory on the night of the accident, the jury could also find the Commonwealth hable as a social host.
The judge instructed the jury to answer two questions: (1) “Was the defendant, Commonwealth of Massachusetts, by its employee(s) neghgent?” (2) “Was the defendant, Commonwealth of Massachusetts’ negligence a substantial contributing cause of the death of the plaintiffs’ decedent, Ruth T. Burroughs?” The jury answered both questions, “Yes.” The jury did not specify, nor were they asked to specify, whether they found the Commonwealth neghgent under the vicarious liability, or under the so-called “social host,” theory. Because there was insufficient evidence to support a finding either that Morgante was acting within the scope of his employment by the Commonwealth when he served the alcohohc beverages to LaCasse or that the Commonwealth, through one or more of its employees in the course of employment, negligently permitted the availability of alcohol to LaCasse at the armory on the night of the accident, we reverse the judgment.
In measuring the legal sufficiency of the evidence to warrant a finding that Morgante was acting in the scope of his employment while serving liquor to LaCasse or that the Commonwealth, through its employees, was negligent in its control of the alcohol served at the armory, the test is whether
Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the plaintiffs, the evidence would have warranted the juiy in finding the following facts. On January 23, 1985, Michael Morgante attended a training meeting at the National Guard armory in Braintree. Morgante was a part-time member of the Massachusetts National Guard, and attended the meeting in his capacity as a platoon sergeant. Morgante was not ordered to attend the meeting, but he did so in order to prepare for a drill assembly on the following weekend. At about 7 p.m., National Guard officers dismissed the meeting, and Morgante proceeded to open the armory’s noncommissioned officers (NCO) club. The NCO club was a room located in the armory and was furnished with a bar, bar stools, tables, a pool table and a dart board. All the furnishings were provided by individual members of the National Guard. The club sold alcoholic beverages from a bar. The beverages were the property of the club.
Morgante served as the NCO club’s bartender on the night of the accident as he had on other evenings. He was not required to be at the armory at that time and his bartending was voluntary and without compensation. One of the Guard members at the NCO club that evening was nineteen year old Robert LaCasse. LaCasse had not attended the training meeting that day, but had been informed at a prior training assembly that there would be alcoholic bar service at the armory on the evening of January 23.
Over a span of two and one-half hours, Morgante served LaCasse eight to ten twelve-ounce “rum and cokes” and at least one “boilermaker,” which consists of a shot of liquor in
In 1986, in Wang Lab., Inc. v. Business Incentives, Inc., 398 Mass. 854, 859 (1986), we set forth the factors relevant to scope of employment determinations bearing on the imposition of vicarious liability on employers for the tortious conduct of their employees as follows:
“[Cjonduct of an agent is within the scope of employment if it is of the kind he is employed to perform, Douglas v. Holyoke Mach. Co., 233 Mass. 573, 576 (1919); if it occurs substantially within the authorized time and space limits, Vallavanti v. Armour & Co., 260 Mass. 417, 419-420 (1927); and if it is motivated, at least in part, by a purpose to serve the employer, Donahue v. Vorenberg, 227 Mass. 1, 5 (1917); McKeever v. Ratcliffe, 218 Mass. 17, 20 (1914). See Restatement (Second) of Agency § 228 (1958).”
“The scope of employment test asks the question: is this the kind of thing that in a general way employees of this kind do in employment of this kind” (emphasis in original). Kansallis Fin. Ltd. v. Fern, 421 Mass. 659, 666 (1996).
We conclude that the evidence would not have warranted the jury in finding that, while bartending, Morgante was carrying out a duty imposed on him by his employment. General Laws c. 258, § 2, provides in material part that “[p]ublic employers shall be liable for injury or loss of property or personal injury or death caused by the negligent or wrongful act or omission of any public employee while acting within the scope of his office or employment, in the same manner and to the same extent as a private individual under like circumstances . . . .” A National Guard member is “acting within the scope of his office or employment” if he is “acting in the performance of any lawfully ordered military duty.” G. L. c. 258, § 1. For all that appears in the evidence, Morgante’s bartending was nothing other than a way of relaxing and socializing that he performed without compensation and
We turn now to the question whether the evidence would have warranted a finding of the Commonwealth’s negligence under the “social host” theory of tort liability. In McGuiggan v. New England Tel. & Tel. Co., 398 Mass. 152, 162 (1986), we stated:
“We would recognize a social host’s liability to a person injured by an intoxicated guest’s negligent operation of a motor vehicle where a social host who knew or should have known that his guest was drunk, nevertheless gave him or permitted him to take an alcoholic drink and thereafter, because of his intoxication, the guest negligently operated a motor vehicle causing the third person’s injury.”
Thereafter, in numerous social host cases, we have held that a social host is not liable to a person injured as a result of a guest’s excessive consumption of alcohol that was not owned or furnished by the host. See Mosko v. Raytheon Co., 416 Mass. 395 (1993); Cremins v. Clancy, 415 Mass. 289 (1993); Ulwick v. DeChristopher, 411 Mass. 401 (1991). We reasoned that, as a practical matter, a social host ordinarily lacks the ability effectively to control his or her guests’ consumption of alcohol not owned or furnished by the host. See Mosko, supra at 402; Cremins, supra at 294; Ulwick, supra at 406.
It may well be that the rule and rationale of the cited cases
Because there was insufficient evidence to warrant a finding for the plaintiffs on either theory of their case, we reverse the judgment and order the entry of judgment for the Commonwealth.
So ordered.
The first beverages sold by the club were donated by an individual member of the National Guard. The money earned from the sale of those beverages was then put into a fund for the purchase of additional supplies.
The Commonwealth has raised an additional appellate issue relative to the trial judge’s jury instruction with respect to whether, in tending the bar, Morgante was acting within the scope of his employment. Because we have concluded that the evidence was insufficient to warrant a finding for the plaintiffs on that theory, we do not consider the Commonwealth’s challenge to the instruction.
