21 Mont. 251 | Mont. | 1898
The first question presented by this
It is claimed that Section 2840, Code of Civil Procedure, gives exclusive jurisdiction to the probate court, or the district court sitting as a court of probate, to hear and determine this cause.
This section, among other things, provides that “any person claiming to be heir to the deceased, or entitled to the dis-tribution in whole or in a part of an estate, may, at any time after the expiration of one year from the issuing of letters' testamentary or of administration upon such estate, file a petition in the matter of such estate, praying the court or judge to ascertain and declare the rights of all persons to said estate, and all interests therein, and to whom distribution thereof should be made.”
And after requiring the court or judge to give notice of the filing of such.petition to the persons interested in the estate, and to take the proper proof of service of such notice, thé section further provides that “the court or judge shall thereupon acquire jurisdiction to ascertain and determine the heir-ship, ownership and interest of all parties in and to the property of said deceased. ”
In support of the view that the district court, sitting as a court of probate, has exclusive jurisdiction to try’and determine the right and title of parties claiming to be heirs of an estate, counselrely largely-upon In re Burton’s Estate, 93 Cal. 459, 29 Pac. 36. It is claimed that our code is borrowedfrom California, and that the California construction should prevail here. If we carefully examine In re Burton's Estate, we find the
The question that confronts us here is, does the plaintiff claim to be an heir of the estate of the deceased ? Or is not her claim adverse to the estate? She is not an heir at law, nor does she claim under or through an heir of the estate. Whatever claim she has, we think, results and comes to her under and through the contract alleged to have been made with the deceased in his lifetime as set out in her complaint. But whether the plaintiff claims as an heir of the estate, or adversely thereto, we think is not of paramount importance in determining the question of jurisdiction here presented. The section relied upon does not expressly confer exclusive jurisdiction upon the district court, sitting as a court of probate, to try and determine the questions therein enumerated; nor do we think exclusive jurisdiction to do so can be implied from the language of the section.
Iu discussing this question, Mr. Pomeroy, in section 1153, volume 3, of his work on Equity Jurisprudence, says: “One fundamental principle should be constantly kept in mind. It underlies all particular rules, and furnishes the solution for most of the special questions which can arise. In all those states which have adopted the entire system of equity jurisprudence, whatever be the legislation concerning the powers and functions of the probate courts, and whatever be the nature and extent of the subjects committed to their cognizance, the original equitable jurisdiction over administrations does and must still exist, except so far and with respect to such particulars as it has been abrogated by express prohibitory negative language of the statutes, or by necessary implication from affirmative language conferring exclusive powers upon the probate tribunals. This equitable jurisdiction may be
In a note to this section the author cites a large number of California and other cases in support of the doctrine announced in the section.
Article 8, Section 11, of 'our Constitution is as follows: “District courts have original jurisdiction in all cases in law and equity where the claim is for fifty dollars o'r more. ’ ’
Of the jurisdiction of such constitutional courts of equity, Mr. Beach, at section 1033, in his work on Modern Equity Jurisprudence, says: “The jurisdiction of chancery over decedents’ estates is well established, but in the several states of the union special courts having jurisdiction over such estates have been generally established, called ‘probate courts,’ ‘orphans’ courts,’ ‘surrogate courts,’ and the like; and these
We think it cannot be claimed that the district coui;t, as a court of general original common law and equity jurisdiction,, did not, at least, have concurrent jurisdiction of . this action with the district court sitting as a probate court. The learned judge who presided over the probate department of the district court when this suit was instituted held that the court of probate had no jurisdiction. "Whether this view of the matter is right or wrong, it is not necessary now to determine. In the great number of cases reported and cited in the briefs, of the same character as this, we have not discovered that it has( been questioned that courts of general chancery jurisdiction were the proper tribunals for trial. Owens v. McNally (Cal.) 45 Pac. 710, decided by the supreme court of California July 23, 1896, is a case for specific performance of a contract, and is very like this one in its main facts. In that case the general equity jurisdiction of the superior court was not questioned, and this case was decided long after In re Burton's Estate.
We deem it unnecessary to examine in detail the great number of authorities cited by counsel, pro and con, upon this question. We think the conclusion that the trial court had jurisdiction of this cause is in harmony with the views of this court expressed. in Chadwick v. Chadwick, 6 Mont. 566, 13 Pac. 385; State, ex rel. Bartlett v. Second Judicial District Court, 18 Mont. 481, 46 Pac. 259; and In re Higgins' Estate,
Counsel for ■ the appellants attacked the complaint in the court below by general demurrer, and now urge in this court that upon the allegations thereof the plaintiff is not entitled to relief. It is urged that, at the time of the execution of the written contract of adoption alleged in the complaint to have been made by and between the mother of plaintiff and the deceased, there was no statute in Montana authorizing the adoption of children, that such contracts were not permissible under the common law, and that, therefore, the plaintiff cannot inherit any part of the deceased’s estate, under the facts stated in her complaint.
In answer to this proposition it is manifest that counsel for the plaintiff are not seeking to recover under the written contract of adoption. It is not contended that plaintiff was legally adopted by deceased by such contract. It is contended that the deceased intended thereby to adopt the plaintiff as his child and heir, and thought he had done so, but that, as such contract was not authorized by law, there was in reality no such adoption of plaintiff. But it is further urged on the part of the plaintiff that under- the terms of the contract, and allegations of the complaint, it is shown that plaintiff was to receive or have a child’s share of the estate of the deceased at .his death. It is alleged that plaintiff performed her part of this contract, and that the deceased partly performed his part thereof, but died without having conveyed a child’s part of his estate to the plaintiff. It is claimed on the part of -plaintiff that, although the contract is invalid as a contract of adoption, it is good and sufficient as a contract to leave the plaintiff a child’s share of the deceased’s' estate at his death. The complaint alleges, in addition to the deceased’s agreement to adopt plaintiff, that he “further agreed that on his death she should receive a child’s share of his said estate.” The question then is, will- a court of ■ equity enforce this part of the contract if it shall be satisfactorily proved ?
In Jaffee v. Jacobson, 1 C. C. A. 11, 48 Fed. 21, the court,
In Sharkey v. McDermott. 91 Mo. 647, 4 S. W. 107, the plaintiff, when a child, was given by her mother, a widow, to James and Catharine McLaughlin, under an agreement that the McLaughlins would care for her and adopt her as their child, ‘ ‘and leave her their property at their death.5 ’ They neglected to formally adopt the plaintiff. James McLaughlin willed all his property to Catharine, and died. Catharine died suddenly, leaving no will. The plaintiff sued the heirs at law of Catharine McLaughlin for a specific performance of the contract made with the McLaughlins. In this case, speaking of that part of the contract of the McLaughlins to leave the plaintiff their property at their death, the court said: “But the rights of plaintiff, if any, in this case, do not spring either from the general law applicable to parent and child, or from said statute authorizing the adoption of children, for the reason that plaintiff was not the daughter of these parties by nature, nor had she been formally adopted by them by deed duly
In Healey v. Simpson, 113 Mo. 340, 20 S. W. 881, the court held that where a written contract for the adoption of a child is invalid because not executed in conformity with the law of the state, yet where such contract also provided that the child should have and inherit from the estate of the promisors in the same manner and to the same extent that a child bprn of their union would inherit, such part of the contract would be specifically enforced in favor of the heirs of the promisee against the heirs of the promisors. In this case the court cites a large number of authorities, and sums up its views in the following forcible language: “The surrender by the mother of all control of the child, and the services and companionship of. the latter, constituted valuable considerations for the promise of Brewster and his wife that she should £have and inherit from the estate of said parties * * * in the same manner and to the same extent that a child born of their union would inherit. ’ The influences of a child of tender years in the home circle are too sacred and holy to be estimated in dollars and cents. And, when the mother sent her child to dwell in another family in a distant state, she yielded much affection and love; and Brewster by the same act gained the companionship of one who added much, no doubt, to his
In Owens v. McNally 45 Pac. 710 (Cal.), the supreme court of California hold that “a parol contract by decedent to leave plaintiff all his property, real and personal, if she would leave her home, and thereafter ‘live with him and care for him, ’ is not so vague and uncertain as to preclude specific performance in an ordinary case.”
Tn this case the court adopts with approval the following language of the supreme court of New Jersey, found in the leading case of Johnson v. Hubbell, 10 N. J. Eq. 332: “There can be no doubt but that a person may make a valid agreement binding himself legally to make a particular disposition of his property by last will and testament. The law permits a man to dispose of his own property at his pleasure, and no good reason can be assigned why he may not make a legal agreement to dispose of his property to a particular individual, or for a particular purpose, as well by will as by conveyance, to be made at some specified future period, or upon the happening of some future event. It may be unwise for a man to embarrass himself as to the final disposition of his property, but he is the disposer by law of his own fortune, and the sole and best judge as to the manner and time of disposing of it. A court of equity will decree a specific performance of such an agreement, upon the recognized principles by which it is goirerned in this branch of its jurisdiction.”
This case collates what the court calls a ‘ ‘multitude of au
In most of the cases quoted above the promisors attempted in some manner to defeat the contracts entered into by them, and the courts, notwithstanding, enforced them — in several instances against the heirs and assignees of the promisors. In this respect the case at bar, as stated in the complaint, is a •stronger one than any case cited above; for, as far as the allegations of the complaint are concerned, or any inference therefrom, the promisor in this case never in his lifetime sought to evade or defeat the contract it is alleged he made with, or for the benefit of, the plaintiff, but, as far as can be inferred, even from the complaint, died believing he had, by a proper contract, adopted the plaintiff, and contracted therein to leave her a child’s share of his estate at his death; so that we are of the opinion that the contract on the part of the deceased to leave to the plaintiff a child’s share of his estate is sufficiently alleged in the complaint, and that such contract should be enforced, if sufficiently established by the proof. We come to this conclusion more readily as we are of the opinion that the parties to the alleged contract never contemplated that the services of plaintiff were to be or could be compensated in money, and because the parties cannot now be placed in statu quo. Besides, there are no intervening rights of third parties or innocent holders of the estate involved. There is nothing harsh or hurtful to anyone in such proceeding. No fraud or imposition is alleged, or hinted at, even, in the record. So that if the contract as alleged is clearly established, as we think it must be, it should, in equity, under the great weight of authority, be enforced. (Van Dyne v. Vreeland, 11 N. J. Eq. 370; Brinton v. Van Cott, 33 Pac. (Utah), 218; Townsend v. Vanderwerker, 160 U. S. 184, 16 Sup. Ct. 258; Pflugar v. Pultz, 43 N. J. Eq. 440, 11 Atl. 123.)
Is the contract to leave to the plaintiff a child’s share of the estate of deceased at his death sufficiently established by the evidence to authorize a court of equity to decree a specific per
Counsel for appellants contend that the evidence of the witnesses as to the acts and declarations of deceased with reference to the relation plaintiff sustained towards him while living in his family were inadmissible. We think the res gestae extended over the entire time between July, 1885, when the contract is alleged to have been made, to the death of the deceased. The conduct of the parties towards each other during that entire time is part of the transaction, and whatever either party did or said during that time which sheds light upon the matter, and aids in disclosing the relations the parties sustained, and understood that they sustained, towards each other, must be construed as part of the res gestae. We think this evidence was admissible, under Section 3126, Code of Civil Procedure, which is as follows: “Wherealso the declaration, act or omission, forms part of a transaction which is itself the fact in dispute, or evidence of that fact, such declaration, act, or omission is part of the transaction. ’ ’ In nearly all of the cases cited and quoted above, in cases like this, the acts and declarations of the parties explanatory of their relations towards each other, and disclosing and explaining the conditions, terms, and contracts supporting these relations, have been admitted in evidence.
Counsel for appellants say plaintiff abandoned the performance of her part of the contract with the deceased, or did not sufficiently perform the same to authorize a decree of specific performance. It is also claimed that plaintiff did not yield that obedience to the Smiths that the contract relied on demanded of her.
It is in evidence that on one or more occasions the plaintiff left the home of the Smiths, and on one occasion remained away some time. It is in evidence that plaintiff and Mrs. Smith did not always agree and get along harmoniously. Mr.
We believe we have substantially treated, if not in detail, all the questions presented by this appeal. Some minor matters, such as who destroyed the contract, whether deceased left a will, and whether plaintiff was driven from the' Smith home by ill treatment of Mrs. Smith, we think immaterial. W e think that it is sufficiently alleged in the complaint, and established by the proof, that deceased contracted to leave-plaintiff a child’s share of his estate at his death — conditioned, of course, upon her performing the contract on her part. We think it is shown that she did perform the contract to the satisfaction of the deceased, the sole judge of those matters. We believe it was the desire and intention of the deceased that the plaintiff should have a child’s share of his estate at his death, and that he contracted, and intended to contract, to that effect. We see.no reason why, under the facts and circumstances of this case, the wishes and contract of the deceased in
The judgment, decree, and order appealed from are affirmed.
Affirmed.