Burnham v. Interstate Casualty Co.

117 Mich. 142 | Mich. | 1898

Lead Opinion

Grant, C. J.

(after stating the facts). Two reasons are urged against the judgment: (1) That there was no evidence that Mr. Winans came to his death by external, violent, and accidental means; (2) that there was a breach of warranty in applying for and obtaining the subsequent insurance in the Standard Company without notice to the defendant.

1. Upon the first point the learned counsel state their contention as follows:

“There is no direct evidence of accidental drowning. The undisputed physical facts tell their own story. They say, as we shall presently show, that Mr. Winans may have drowned accidentally; that he may have died of apoplexy; that he may have drowned intentionally. Is it possible that a jury is permitted to guess which of the three admissible hypotheses is true ? ”

They insist that the case falls within the rule in Merrett v. Accident Association, 98 Mich. 338. No question is raised upon the instructions to the jury, provided there was a question for their determination. The statement of the plaintiffs’ proofs is therefore essential.

There is no evidence of anything unusual in the appearance or conduct of Mr. Winans prior to his death. On his way to the boathouse, he met a friend, who invited him to accompany him to the Windsor races. He declined, but said he was going to take a boat ride, and invited his friend to go with him, saying: “I will get some cigars. We will get a boat, and have a real nice, pleasant time.”

One Heron was driving over the Belle Isle bridge. He saw Mr. Winans in the boat, and his hat in the water.

“Saw him row around to get his hat. He came alongside of it. When he came alongside of the hat, he got over. Saw him fall into the water, and he hollered for help. * * * He came*up that far [indicating by a gesture ] out of the water.”

On cross-examination he testified as follows:

“I was just about a quarter of the way over — a little better — when I first saw the man in the water. He was shouting for help. I was pretty near the end of the bridge, and going slow, to watch him all the while. When I last saw him he was in the water, trying to save himself,— trying to get aboard; and the boat went down sideways, and she kept floating away from him. He tried to get to the boat. I walked my horses, and stopped occasionally. Drove nearly three-quarters of the length of the bridge, looking at him all the time, not stopping any length of time, only going slow several times. When I was about three-quarters across the bridge, the man just disappeared under the water. I saw him sink once; did not see him come up again.”

One Kirk testified that he was on the bridge.

“ Saw the ferryboat coming out of the Belle Isle dock, and a man in a small boat. ' The boat and the man disappeared all at once. I then saw the rowboat going down the river empty. In a little while, saw the man in the water crying for help. Heard him holler three times. Did not see him make any exertion or effort, only he was hollering for help. Saw his hands like that.”

One Schultz was at the boathouse. Saw Winans get a boat and start out. Heard the ferryboat give three sharp whistles, meaning to get out of the way.

“ Winans was then just where the ferryboat has to go through a small cut on what is called the ‘Middle Ground.’ I watched him when the ferryboat passed him, and could see that he was 50 or 60 feet above the ferryboat. ”

After this he paid no more attention. On cross-examination he testified that, “when the ferryboat gave three whistles, Winans struck off up right at the edge of the Middle Ground.”

One King testified:

“Saw Mr. Winans swimming towards the boat, struggling in the water. * * * Did not see him throw his hands up in the air, or anything of that kind. The kind of struggling he was doing was, it seemed as if he was swimming very fast. He swam after the boat. The boat kept getting away from him.”

One Matzen, who was with King, testified that he thought he noticed him swimming towards the boat. These last two witnesses were the ones who rowed out, and towed the body ashore. They found the body floating, with the top of its head above the water.

One Fritz testified that he saw the man out in the river. Saw the boat floating away, and two objects floating down the river. Heard the man hollering. Heard him plainly two or three times. Did not hear what he said. He was swimming towards the boat, which was empty. Saw him hold both his hands np twice. The waves seemed to go over him. Tie was right in behind a ferryboat when he first noticed him, — perhaps 50 feet from the ferryboat.

One Benoit testified that he saw the man in the water. Heard him holler three times. Saw him swimming and struggling for all he was worth. He was sure he was swimming 20 minutes. He looked as if he was swimming for life.

One Baroski testified that he “saw the man throw up both hands twice, and he hollered three times. He was swimming towards his boat all the time after he got up and came from under the water. Raised both his hands twice, went down, and, when he came up, swam again. ”

Dr. Newman examined the body shortly after it reached the shore. He testified that:

‘ ‘ It presented the ordinary symptoms of a man who died by suffocation. His face was congested. The usual bloody froth and mucous from his lips and nostrils. * * * He had all the appearance of a man who had been drowned. * * * If it was an actual fact that he had been swimming, I should say he died from ordinary drowning. * * * The opinion as to his death, I should think, would depend a great deal upon the fact as to whether he was actually swimming. * * * Assuming that he was swimming towards the boat, screaming for help, and from what I saw of his condition on the dock, I should say that he died, in all probability, from drowning. ”

In reply to a question stating substantially the facts, the witness said, ripon cross-examination, “It is possible that Mr. Winans died from apoplexy, or a fit, or from suffocation.”

Dr. McGraw, another prominent physician, testified, in reply to a question assuming to state all the facts, that he died from drowning, or some sudden seizure, like apoplexy. He also testified'that “a man whose abdomen was distended by gases would be liable to float.” Dr. Newman had testified that the abdomen was unusually dilated with gases. He also testified that a man taken with apoplexy while in the water would not have much chance to escape, and might die from.drowning, notwithstanding he had apoplexy.

The testimony of these physicians is not conclusive, and its sole province was to aid the jury in their deliberations. Much stress is laid by counsel for the defendant upon the fact that the boat took'in no water when Mr. Winans fell overboard. He might have been reaching for his hat when upon the top or side of a wave, in which event the boat might have righted itself without taking water. We think this circumstance of but little moment.

The learned counsel for the defendant insist that the facts deducible from the above testimony are consistent with three theories of the cause of death, and therefore prove no one of them. These theories are apoplexy, sudden seizure, and suicide. We cannot agree in this conclusion. The testimony does not establish facts to overcome the presumption. Where death may be attributable to suicide, murder, accident, or negligence, the presumption of law is against suicide and murder. 4 Joyce, Ins. § 3773; Nibl. Acc. Ins. § 377; Travellers’ Ins. Co. v. McConkey, 127 U. S. 661; Mallory v. Insurance Co., 47 N. Y. 52 (7 Am. Rep. 410). It is true that the bodies of persons who die from drowning usually sink, but there are occasional circumstances under which they do not sink, and there was evidence in this case tending to show the presence of those circumstances. There was ,no autopsy, but there is no evidence tending to show that Mr. Winans was subject to any fits or sudden .seizures. All the circumstances are consistent with accidental drowming, except the mere fact that the body did not sink. If, however, it be assumed that some sudden seizure caused him to fall into the water, or came upon him after he had fallen into the water, it would not follow that death was not caused by drowning.

H. left his lodgings about 7 o’clock in the evening, intending to bathe. His clothes were found on the steps of a bathing machine, and about six weeks afterwards a body was washed ashore, claimed to be his. There was no other evidence of the circumstances of his death. The questions submitted for decision are stated as follows: (l) Assuming H. to have been drowned, and that his death was not caused by suicide, or by his willful act in exposing himself to unnecessary danger, or while he was in a state of intoxication, are plaintiffs entitled to recover ? (2) Was there any evidence, proper to he submitted to the jury, that H. was drowned? Held, that the question was one for the determination of the jury. Trew v. Assurance Co., 6 Hurl. & N. 839. Where a temporary trouble, unusual and uncommon, causes one to fall into the water, and he is drowned, the company is liable. Manufacturers’ Acc. Indem. Co. v. Dorgan, 7 C. C. A. 581, 58 Fed. 945. So, where one was seized with an epileptic fit while crossing a stream, fell in, and was drowned, the company was held liable. Winspear v. Insurance Co., 43 Law T. (N. S.) 459.

Dr. McGraw, after his attention had been called to the circumstances of this case, said:

“I would not say that he had an apoplectic stroke or committed suicide, but that he had some seizure which would take away his senses. There are other things besides apoplectic strokes. A man may die suddenly of heart failure under such circumstances. But my judgment would be that either the man committed suicide, or that he died from some such sudden seizure while in the water.”

The case, upon this point, was properly submitted to the jury.

2. Had the defendant waived its right to insist upon the breach of warranty as a defense? No communication had been made to the company in behalf of Mrs. Winans, the beneficiary, until September 25th, when a letter was received from her attorney, Mr. Babcock, dated September 21, 1896, and reading as follows:

“Will you please send to me the blank forms you desire used for proofs of death? I write in the interest of Mrs. Eva Winans, wife of William N. Winans, deceased, who was insured by your policy No. 12,308. Mr. Winans was accidentally drowned while out rowing on the Detroit river.”

■ In reply to that letter the company wrote, September 25th, as follows:

“We are in receipt of your communication of the 21st inst., asking that we send to you blank forms used for proofs of death; stating that you write in the interest of Mrs. Eva Winans, wife of Mr. William N. Winans, insured under policy No. 12,308, and that Mr. Winans was accidentally drowned while out rowing on the Detroit river. You fail to give any particulars, or even the date, of the alleged accident, which we are entitled to have immediately in case of accidental injury or death. Although we do not understand how you are going to affirmatively prove accidental death in this case, under the circumstances, yet we will comply with your request, and forward the blanks as requested, subject to the notices and stipulations printed thereon.”

The blank proofs of death furnished contained the following notice:

“These blanks are sent to permit of a statement of facts, and the furnishing of same shall not be held to be a waiver of any of the agreements or conditions of the policy or of the application, nor of the rights of the company in the event of any violations of such agreements or conditions by the insured or beneficiaries, or in any event.”

When proofs of loss were sent, does not appear. They gave all the other insurance, but made no mention of the subsequent policy. ' On November 20th the company wrote Mrs. Winans, informing her that it should rely upon this breach of warranty, and others, also, and inclosed her a draft, as a refund of all premiums paid. After the writs of garnishment were served, and on October 26, 1896, the company filed a disclosure, denying any liability. Soon after that, interrogatories to the garnishee defendant were filed, and by stipulation the time for answering the special interrogatories was extended to December 7th. By the fourth interrogatory the garnishee was called upon to state for what reason or reasons it denied liability upon the policy. By interrogatory 5, the defendant was required to state any statement or statements made by the insured, or any one in his behalf, upon which it relied as a ground for denial of liability.. It refused to answer the fourth and fifth interrogatories. It had, by the terms of the policy, three months from the date of filing proofs in which to examine and determine whether it would acknowledge or deny liability, and asked that the answer to these be postponed till after the expiration of that time. This was granted, and the defendant was entitled to it as a matter of right. On February 1, 189?, it filed answers to these two interrogatories, setting up seven grounds of nonliability, of which we need mention but two: (1) That death did not result from bodily injuries sustained through external, violent, and accidental means; and (2) the breach of the agreement to notify the company if any additional insurance was applied for or obtained.

The company, upon hearing of the .death of Mr. Winans, instructed its agents to investigate. They did so, and reported that they had been informed of this other insurance, and also concluded that Mr. Winans had committed suicide. Neither Mrs. Winans nor these garnishee plaintiffs had given the defendant any information upon which it acted. It made, as was very proper, an independent investigation. Neither the plaintiffs nor Mrs. Winans knew of this investigation, or were in any manner misled by the conduct of the defendant. They were under no legal or moral obligation to inform Mrs. Winans or plaintiffs of what they had learned from their investigation. No case that I have found or examined carries the doctrine of waiver to the extent of holding that, when a beneficiary asks for blank proofs of loss, the insurer waives the defense of a breach of warranty by failing to state that it has been informed that there had been a breach of warranty. The insurer has a right to keep silent until proofs are furnished. Had Mrs. Winans, in her application for blank proofs, informed the company that Mr. Winans had taken out other insurance, and the company had still furnished proofs, without insisting upon this as a defense, there would have been a waiver, under the authorities cited. On every occasion when the company was called upon to speak, it insisted upon this defense. The letter inclosing the blank proofs of loss called the attention of Mrs. Winans to the conditions of the policy and the application, and expressly stated that it would insist on every defense it had for violation of any agreement or condition therein. This was the first occasion on which defendant had been called upon to say anything. What language could be more definite, what statement more complete? This statement was made a part of the letter, just as effectually as though it had been copied in the letter. This is not controverted, and yet it is claimed that, because the defendant did not specifically and expressly state every defense it had or was informed of, and did in its letter hint at one defense, all others are waived. If the defendant had not stated in that letter, “We do not understand how you are going to affirmatively prove accidental death,” would it have been held that it had waived the defense of suicide by its silence, because its agent in Detroit had written that Mr. Winans committed suicide ? If defendant had inclosed proofs of loss without any letter, or with one stating that it waived no defense, would it have waived all violations of the contract of which it had before been informed? The logical result of plaintiffs’ contention is to close the door to every defense, in the face of the most positive assertion that it relied upon all, and waived none. The defense of breach of warranty is a meritorious one. The defendant clearly did not intend to waive it. In language unmistakable it notified Mrs. Winans that it did not intend to waive it; and yet, because it did not specifically state this defense, a waiver is claimed.

While some authorities have gone very far to sustain a waiver, particularly of technical defenses, I find none that have gone to the extent now claimed. We are cited in support of it to Marthinson v. Insurance Co., 64 Mich. 372. The facts in that case are totally different from those in this.. In that case the property was burned July 29th, and notice immediately given to the local agents. An adjusting agent came soon after. On August 21st two adjusting agents met the insured, examined them' under oath, were then informed of the breaches of warranty, and made no objection upon that ground. The insured then obtained instructions from the local agents, made out proofs of loss, and sent them to the company, September 2d. To this no answer was made till October 3d. Under these circumstances the breaches were held to be waived. It is urged that Mrs. Winans was put to the needless expense of filling out proofs of loss. The record does not show that she incurred any expense. The blanks were furnished by defendant, and it was the work of a few moments to fill them. It is idle to say that she incurred any such expense as will affect the question. There was no attempt to embarrass or hinder, as was found to be the fact in the Marthinson Case, 64 Mich. 382; nor was she misled or hindered in any way. “A waiver is the intentional relinquishment of a known right.” 28 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law, 526, and the numerous authorities there cited. Another authority defines it as follows:

“Waiver, in a general way, may be said to occur where-ever one in possession of a right conferred either by law or by contract, and knowing the attendant facts, does or forbears to do something inconsistent with the existence of the right, or of his intention to rely-upon it, in which case he is said to have waived it, and he is estopped from claiming anything by reason of it afterwards.” Bish. Cont. § 655; United Firemen’s Ins. Co. v. Thomas, 27 C. C. A. 42, 82 Fed. 406

This rule is just, and is founded in common sense and fair dealing. To hold that a party has waived a good defense, when upon the first opportunity he expressly, and in writing, asserts that he relies upon every violation of the contract under which claim is made, is not sanctioned by reason or sound authority. It is not approved by the common judgment of mankind. There is not one rule of law for insurance companies, and another for individuals, partnerships, and other corporations. The law is no respecter of persons, and applies the same rule to all, whether acting in their individual or corporate capacity.

The learned circuit judge committed error in instructing the jury that this violation of the contract was waived. For this reason the judgment should be reversed, and a new trial ordered.

Hooker, J., concurred with Grant, C. J.

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Concurrence Opinion

Montgomery, J.

I agree with my Brother, the Chief Justice, that it was a fair question for the jury in this case as to whether the death of Mr. Winans was the result of accidental drowning. I disagree with the Chief Justice upon the question of waiver. In my opinion, the circuit judge was right in charging the jury that the omission to notify the company of the fact of other insurance was waived. On receipt of the letter from Mr. Babcock, attorney for Mrs. Winans, asking for the blank forms which the company desired to have used for proofs of death, good faith required that, if the company expected to rely upon a defense which would render proofs of loss wholly unavailing, notice of this fact should be given promptly, inasmuch as it was made apparent by Mr. Babcock’s letter that Mrs. Winans would otherwise be put to expense in the preparation of proofs of loss. The learned counsel for the defense, in their brief, say:

“The nature of the company’s business should be kept in view. It might, from motives of business policy alone, be inclined to waive the breach of warranty, if, on investigation of all the facts, it came to the conclusion that an honest loss had been incurred. ”

This is undoubtedly true, and in my judgment the time for the company to determine that question was when it was made known to it that the withholding of such claims of defense, and the furnishing of blanks, would be likely to result in expense to Mrs. Winans. Having failed to disclose the defense at that time, and having permitted the beneficiary to incur this expense, the defense should be deemed waived. Marthinson v. Insurance Co., 64 Mich. 372; Towle v. Insurance Co., 91 Mich. 219; Titus v. Insurance Co., 81 N. Y. 410. The general statement appended to the blank proofs of loss, reserving a right to insist upon a breach of conditions, should not be held to reserve a defense known to the company at the time. Marthinson v. Insurance Co., supra. Nor do I think that the fact that the information that Mr. Winans had other insurance was not derived from the beneficiary affects the question. It is knowledge of the fact, and the action of the company, requiring the beneficiary to incur expense, which renders it an act of bad faith to thereafter seek to avoid the policy.

The judgment should be affirmed.

Moore and Long, JJ., concurred with Montgomery, J.