129 Mo. 41 | Mo. | 1895
This is an action for personal injuries sustained by the plaintiff while in defendant’s employ as foreman of a switching crew in its yards at Kansas City, Missouri.
The petition alleged plaintiff was hurt by the negligence of the defendant in two respects: First, it required him to work in a dangerous place, to wit, on a certain inclined track; and, second, “by carelessly permitting a grain door from a car to be left lying on said elevated incline, on which he stepped in the dark and was thereby thrown to the ground and his leg broken.”
The first charge of negligence was withdrawn from the jury by the court, and, as plaintiff is not appealing, will require but little consideration. The answer was a general denial and contributory negligence. The following facts appeared in evidence:
On February 10, 1891, plaintiff was employed by defendant as foreman of a switching crew which worked in its yards at night. He was thirty-six years old, an experienced switchman, and had been in railroad service of various kinds for eighteen years and had worked for many years in these same yards. Plaintiff was hurt by stepping upon what is called a grain door, which had been left or placed by someone upon an elevated track belonging to defendant, and was thereby thrown to the ground and his leg broken. This elevated track was used for transferring grain from one train to another.
It appeared that when grain consigned to points beyond Kansas City and was delivered to the defendant company at that place in cars that were in bad order, so that it was not safe to send them forward, or in cars
The practice was to shove upon this elevated track cars loaded with grain, which were to be transferred, and leave them upon the level portion thereof; then empty cars, into which the grain was to be put, were run in on track number 40, and the grain was transferred by running a kind of a trough or chute from the door of the upper car into the door of the opposite lower car, making an angle of about forty-five degrees; then upon opening the door of the loaded car most of the grain would run into the lower car and the rest of it was easily shoveled from the ends of the loaded car into the chute. In the loading and unloading of bulk grain there was sometimes used what are called in the testimony “grain doors,” by which is meant two or three boards fastened together with cleats or in some similar way, made to be placed inside of the regular
This work of transferring grain was done in the daytime and it was the practice to pull the cars that had been emptied .off this elevated track during the night, different crews doing the work (plaintiff’s crew was not there the night before he was hurt), and to put in their place other loaded cars from which the grain was to be transferred the next day. It often became necessary, in transferring the grain, for the-men who did this work to separate the cars, either the loaded or the empty ones, and move them a few inches in order to, bring the doors of the cars on the upper and lower track,, from ana to which the grain was to be transferred, opposite each other; when this was done the cars on the upper track which had been so moved had to be coupled together by the switching crew designated to pull them off. It was while coupling these empty cars together, preparatory to pulling them off the elevated track, that the plaintiff fell from the walk running alongside this track.
This elevated track was, as has been stated, built on a trestle, there being two rows of piles driven in the ground lengthwise of the track and directly under the rails thereof, and heavy short stringers placed at right angles to the track across those piles; other long stringers were placed parallel with and directly under the rails and across the stringers first referred to; long ties were then placed across these long stringers at right angles to them and the rails laid on these ties. At the easterly end of these ties, that is, on the side
The testimony showed that tracks similar to the one described, and erected for the same or similar purposes, are common on railroads, and such tracks are also constructed for reaching coal shafts.
This work of transferring grain, to which reference has been made, was done by an independent contractor, one R. Gr. Hearne. Defendant company had an agreement with him by which it paid him a certain price per car for transferring any freight from car to car that it might wish to have transferred, but the principal part of his work was the transferring grain made necessary by the reasons- heretofore stated. Hearne had complete control of the manner of doing the work, hired the men to do it, paid them, discharged them, and arranged for the details of the manner of doing the work. The railroad company had nothing to do with the matter, except to pay Hearne the price agreed on per car for transferring the grain or other freight that it might be necessary to transfer from car to car. It had nothing to say about the hiring, discharging or paying of any of Hearne’s men, nor about the manner in which the work was done.
Plaintiff knew all about this elevated track; had often worked upon it, and neither he or anyone else had ever been hurt on it. He was directed by the yard
Plaintiff recovered a judgment for $3,600, and defendant appeals,
The question here is the liability of the master for the temporary obstruction placed on the walk-way provided for the employees whose duties required them to walk over it. The essential point upon which counsel differ is that of notice to the defendant of this obstruction. Counsel for plaintiff contends that the defendant is responsible for the acts of the contractor Hearne and his men and no notice of the existence of the obstruction was required; that in contemplation of the law defendant itself placed the obstruction on the elevated track, whereas defendant asserts the law to be that while the master is bound to furnish a reasonably safe place for his workmen, yet if he has done this in the first instance he is not liable for subsequently accruing defects, unless he has notice thereof, or by the exercise of ordinary care could have discovered the defect, and the mere fact that an accident happened will not of itself show want of care. The simple question, then, is whether sufficient was shown to authorize the court to submit the case to the jury.
Of course, if plaintiff’s assumption is right, then no notice whatever was necessary; but we can not agree
The first two of these cases grew out of excavations made by gas and street railway companies in the public streets by the express authority and permission of the city, and the character of the work notified the city of the danger attending it, and demanded that it should exercise proper care to protect those traveling upon the streets in ignorance of the ditches and excavations permitted by it, and it could not escape liability by delegating this duty to others; and, in the Davenport case, the injury occurred in the night at a defective crossing which had long existed, for want of a light which the city was required to furnish and which was not burning at the time by reason of the negligence of its own servant appointed to that work.
Those cases are not applicable here. In this case, there is no evidence of a defective structure, nor was there any element in the defendant’s contract with Hearne that necessarily, or even probably, rendered the work to be done by him and his servants for the company dangerous to its other employees. In those cases the dangerous condition of the street was produced by the express sanction of the cities; in this case there is not a word of. evidence tending to show that defendant or any officer or servant, whose duty it was to know, had any knowledge of the obstruction on the walk or had reason to anticipate that Hearne’s contract would lead to an obstruction of the elevated way and render it dangerous.
The rule in this state in this class of cases requires the servant to show the unsafe place or defective machinery, and that the master knew of the unsafe
It devolves upon the plaintiff to show notice to the defendant of the defect, or the existence of such a state of facts as would justify the jury in finding that by the exercise of ordinary care defendant would have learned of the defect or dangerous condition. The defendant can not avoid its liability by shutting its eyes to its obligations to maintain a reasonably safe place'; but this rule does not exact such a constant and rigid inspection that no defect would escape attention; but it does require reasonable inspection, care and oversight proportionate to the danger of its undertaking and business. Williams v. Railroad, 119 Mo. 316.
There is not a scintilla of evidence as to when this grain door was left or placed on this elevated track, until Stack, one of plaintiff’s own crew, saw it and stepped over it, a moment before plaintiff stepped on it and fell. There is no actual notice to any servant of the defendant, whose duty it was to lock after that walk, that this door was on it, nor is there a particle of evidence tending to show negligence in not discovering it sooner. Nor was it shown by whom it was placed there. It is true, plaintiff urges that the inference is plain that Hearne or his men left it there, because it was shown they had sole charge of the transfer of the grain. In other words, he insists that a presumption arises that Hearne’s men left it there because of their exclusive use of the cars in loading.
Moreover, the photographs, as well as the oral testimony, disclose that this track was only one of many in a great terminal yard. Immediately adjoining it was a track of the Chicago & Alton Railroad. It was shown that no one had ever seen a grain door on this walk before that night. This door was not shown to have any mark indicating it belonged to Hearne or the defendant company. Had it been shown that Hearne and his men were in the habit of leaving these doors constantly on this way, and that it had marks indicating it belonged to him or the defendant company there might have been some ground for the presumption, but when it was shown that this was an open railroad track in a great railroad yard, easily accessible 'to other employees of defendant, and the servants of other railroads, we think it is going too far to indulge the presumption that Hearne’s men negligently left it there.
"We readily agree that where a thing is done upon the premises of an individual or a ■ company in the ordinary course of business, it may fairly be presumed that it was done by an agent or employee of the individual or company for whose benefit it is done. Por example, if I step into a mercantile establishment and find one occupying apparently the position of clerk or salesman, I may safely deal with him in absence of knowledge to the contrary, and the proprietor will be
In the absence of an exclusive control of the track and incline for all purposes, there is no sound reason why the act of leaving that door may not be attributed just as well to some other employee or stranger as to Hearne’s men. It may have been done by Hearne’s men or it may not — it is a mere guess, a mere conjecture — and no court can afford to base its judgments upon such an uncertain basis. Excluding this inference there is no evidence whatever showing that it was the act of any person for whose misconduct or negligence defendant was liable and it necessarily follows that plaintiff failed to establish the essential fact which could have justified the court in submitting the question of defendant’s negligence to a jury, or a jury in finding defendant guilty of negligence. Upon such a showing the court should have sustained a demurrer to the evidence.
II. Having reached the conclusion that there was no evidence that Hearne or his men placed the obstruction on the elevated way, it seems to us to be almost premature to pass upon the question of the defendant’s liability for their acts. That Hearne was an independent contractor seems very clear, but it does not at all follow that defendant might not be liable for the negligence of Hearne’s men. On the contrary it was the duty of defendant to construct and maintain in a reasonably safe condition its tracks and ways for the use of its switchmen, and the law will not permit it to delegate to others its duties and thereby escape all liability therefor. The duty of keeping its road, track and yards in a reasonably safe condition is a personal duty which the master owes the servant and it can not delegate this duty to any servant, high or low, nor can it avoid liability by letting out a part of its; duties as a common carrier to independent contractors.
While for many purposes this relation of independent contractor will be recognized, it can not be sustained to shield the master from those positive personal obligations cast upon him by his relation to his servant. Schaub v. Railroad, 106 Mo. 74; Lewis v. Railroad, 59 Mo. 495; Siela v. Railroad, 82 Mo. 435.
For these reasons the judgment is reversed.