Case Information
*1
[Cite as
Burlingame v. Estate of Burlingame
,
COURT OF APPEALS
STARK COUNTY, OHIO
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
JUDGES:
GRACE BURLINGAME : Hon. W. Scott Gwin, P.J.
: Hon. William B. Hoffman, J. Plaintiff-Appellant : Hon. John W. Wise, J.
:
-vs- :
: Case No. 2010-CA-00124 ESTATE OF DALE BURLINGAME, : 2010-CA-00130 ET AL :
: O P I N I O N Defendants-Appellants
And
JAMES R. COOMBS, II., ET AL
Defendants-Appellees CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Civil appeal from the Stark County Court of
Common Pleas, Case No. 2009CV00689 JUDGMENT: Reversed and Remanded DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY: March 21, 2011
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellant, James Burlingame, For Defendant-Appellee Canton City Fire Administrator of Estate of Grace Department, Canton City Hall and James R. Combs Burlingame, Deceased
ELIZABETH A. BURICK KRISTEN BATES AYLWARD 1428 Market Avenue North KEVIN L'HOMMEDIEU Canton, OH 44714 Canton Law Department City Hall
Canton, OH For Appellant Eva Finley, Administrator For Appellant Eva Finley, Administrator THOMAS LOMBARDI ORVILLE L. REED, III 101 Central Plaza S., Ste 900 Buckingham, Doolittle & Burroughs, LLP Chase Tower 3800 Embassy Parkway, Suite 300 Canton, OH 44702 Akron, OH 44333
[Cite as
Burlingame v. Estate of Burlingame
,
Gwin, P.J.
{¶1} Plaintiff-appellant Joseph Burlingame, as the representative of the Estate of Grace Burlingame, deceased, and defendant-appellant, Eva Finley, as the representative of the Estate of Dale Burlingame, deceased, appeal a summary judgment of the Court of Common Pleas of Stark County, Ohio, which found defendants-appellees the City of Canton and its employee James R. Coombs II are entitled to immunity from liability arising out of an accident between the decedent’s vehicle and a Canton City fire truck. Appellant assigns a single error to the trial court: “I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT GRANTED DEFENDANTS/APPELLEES’ MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AS REASONABLE MINDS COULD CONCLUDE THAT DEFENDANTS/APPELLEES OPERATED THE VEHICLE IN A WANTON, WILLFUL AND/OR RECKLESS MANNER.” In the case before us, we are asked to decide whether appellees the City of
Canton, and its employee James R. Coombs, II are entitled to immunity from liability in the operation of a fire truck that was involved in an accident with the decedent’s van. For the reasons that follow, we hold that based upon the record of the case before us, reasonable minds could differ regarding whether they are. First, appellee the City of Canton has a complete defense to liability if, as
the trial court found, the operation of the fire truck was not willful or wanton, and it was answering an emergency call. Similarly, the employees of the political subdivision such as appellee Coombs are also immune unless the employee’s acts or omissions were done with malicious purpose, in bad faith, or in a wanton or reckless manner. R.C. 2744.03 (A)(6)(b). Second, traffic statutes and departmental policies are factors a jury may consider in determining whether Coombs’ actions were reckless. Accordingly, under the facts presented to the trial court, whether Coombs’ conduct in the operation of the fire truck on July 4, 2007 rose to the level of willful or wanton is a genuine issue of material fact for a jury to decide. Accordingly, we reverse the judgment of the trial court.
I. Relevant Background On February 19, 2009, Grace Burlingame, filed suit seeking to recover money damages for the personal injuries that she suffered in a catastrophic collision that occurred on July 4, 2007 at the intersection of Cleveland Avenue and 18th Street, N.W. in the City of Canton. Burlingame named as Defendants, Joseph Burlingame, Executor of the Estate of Dale Burlingame, deceased, as well as the City of Canton, the Canton City Fire Department, James R. Coombs, II and Motorists Insurance Group. [1] Burlingame filed a cross-claim against the Canton City Fire Department, the City of Canton, James R. Coombs, II and the Canton City Fire Department seeking damages for the wrongful death of Dale Burlingame as a result of the accident of July 4, 2007. The City of Canton, James R. Coombs, II and the Canton City Fire Department filed an Answer to that cross-claim and included, among its affirmative defenses, that they were entitled to all the immunities, privileges and defenses granted to them pursuant to Chapter 2744 of the Ohio Revised Code. The City, Coombs and the Canton City Fire Department cross-claimed against the Estate of Dale Burlingame and claimed that they were entitled to be indemnified for his alleged negligence. The City also sought to recover damages for the loss that it suffered to its fire truck. The trial court decided this case in appellees favor by summary judgment.
We, therefore, construe the following facts from the record (which include depositions,
transcripts, affidavits, pictures, accident reports and the pleadings) in the light most
favorable to appellants. O’Toole v. Denihan , 118 Ohio St.3d 373, 889 N.E.2d 505,
home after enjoying a family picnic at their granddaughter’s house. On their route home, Appellants were stopped at the red light at 18th Street, N.W., and Cleveland Ave, N.W. in Canton. When his light turned green, Mr. Burlingame slowly pulled his vehicle into the intersection to make a left turn. (Affidavit of Brooke James, filed by the City of Canton and Coombs in support of their Motion for Summary Judgment). Almost immediately, the Burlingames’ vehicle was violently struck by Appellees’ 20-ton fire- truck traveling at 40 mph from a perpendicular direction. (Deposition of James R. Coombs, II at 46). Mr. Burlingame was killed instantly; Mrs. Burlingame sustained serious personal injuries and later died from those injuries. The traffic signals in Canton, like many other large cities, have a device
known as a “preemption system,” that overrides the usual traffic light pattern. When properly initiated, this system affords an emergency vehicle a favored status (green light) at an intersection. (Deposition of Douglas E. Serban, City of Canton, Electronic Computer Specialist at 12; 13; Coombs at 32, 44, and 45). It is the siren that initiates the preemption system, not a horn or other device. (Serban at 19).
{¶10} Coombs, who was driving, immediately activated the fire trucks lights and siren after pulling out of the station. As he drove south on Cleveland Avenue, the siren stopped working just south of the 22 nd Street intersection. When Coombs could not successfully reactivate the siren, Captain Rick Sacco who was in the passenger seat of the fire truck ordered Coombs to slow down and use the truck’s air horn to alert motorists. Testimony was presented that the City of Canton had trained its firefighters
to stop at red lights even when responding to emergency calls. (Deposition of Jerry Ward, firefighter with the City of Canton, City employee for 21 years at 9). In addition, the firefighters were trained that, if the siren malfunctioned during a run, to convert the emergency response into a non-emergency. (Ward, supra at 14). In the case at bar, Coombs continued to proceed in an emergency response mode in spite of the malfunctioning siren. (Ward, supra at 15). As Coombs approached the intersection on a red light, he could see the
cross-traffic stopped on 18 th Street. (Sacco at 51; 52). An ambulance traveling with its siren activated and headed south on Cleveland Avenue passed through the intersection while the Burlingames’ vehicle was stopped at the red light. (Coombs deposition at 59). Brooke James the driver of the vehicle that was behind the Burlingames’ van saw the traffic light turn from red to green after the ambulance passed. As he approached the intersection, Coombs sounded the truck’s air horn
and was traveling at a speed between 35 to 40 miles per hour. Coombs thought he saw his traffic light turn green, however it did not. Coombs saw the van pull into the intersection and attempted to avoid hitting it by swerving left of center.
{¶14} Plaintiff’s expert witness Robert Krause offered his opinion that Captain Sacco and firefighter Coombs knew or should have known that continuing an emergency response without their siren caused a substantial risk of harm to the general public. A second expert witness Steven Wolfe offered an opinion based upon his review, training and experience that Coombs’ actions arise to the standard of willful, wanton and reckless conduct in the operation of the fire engine. The City of Canton, Canton Fire Department and James R. Coombs, II
moved for summary judgment. The trial court found the evidence demonstrated that appellee Coombs’ actions were negligent at best, and did not rise to the level of malicious purpose, bad faith or in a wanton and reckless manner. The court concluded appellee Coombs and the City of Canton had statutory immunity from the Burlingames’ suit.
II. ANALYSIS
The issue before us is whether there is a genuine issue of material fact on
the issue of whether appellees are entitled to immunity under R.C. Chapter 2744.
Subject to a few exceptions, R.C. 2744.02(A)(1) provides that political
subdivisions are “not liable in damages in a civil action for injury, death, or loss to
person or property allegedly caused by any act or omission of the political subdivision or
an employee of the political subdivision in connection with a governmental or proprietary
function.” Likewise, immunity is extended, with several exceptions, to employees of
political subdivisions under R.C. 2744.03(A)(6). O’Toole v. Denihan , supra, 118 Ohio
St.3d at 381,
for personal injury or wrongful death except as provided in Division (B) of 2744.02. R.C. 2744.02(B)(1) provides that a political subdivision is liable for death or injuries resulting from the negligent operation of a motor vehicle by an employee of the political subdivision acting within the course of its employment. However, R.C. 2744.02(B)(1)(b) provides that it is a full defense to the liability imposed by R.C. 2744.02(B)(1) upon the City if a fire truck causes an accident while in progress to a place where a fire is in progress unless the operator of the vehicle was operating the vehicle in a willful or wanton manner. A political subdivision’s employee [2] is also immune from liability for personal injury or wrongful death unless his operation of the emergency vehicle was performed with malicious purpose, in bad faith, or in a wanton or reckless manner. [3] Thus, the issue at the summary judgment stage is whether viewing the evidence most strongly in favor of the appellants, there is a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Coombs’ conduct in the operation of the fire truck on July 4, 2007 was wanton or willful.
A. Standard of Review
Summary judgment proceedings present the appellate court with the
unique opportunity of reviewing the evidence in the same manner as the trial court.
Smiddy v. The Wedding Party, Inc. (1987),
Civ.R. 56(C) states that summary judgment shall be rendered forthwith if
"the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, written admissions, affidavits,
transcripts of evidence, and written stipulations of fact, if any, timely filed in the action,
show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Summary judgment is a procedural device to
terminate litigation, so it must be awarded cautiously with any doubts resolved in favor
of the nonmoving party. Murphy v. Reynoldsburg (1992),
issue of material fact remains to be litigated; (2) the moving party is entitled to judgment
as a matter of law; and (3) viewing the evidence most strongly in favor of the nonmoving
party, reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion and that conclusion is adverse
to the nonmoving party. Tokles & Son, Inc. v. Midwestern Indemn. Co. (1992), 65 Ohio
St.3d 621, 629,
to be viewed lightly as docket control or as a ‘little trial.’ The jurisprudence of summary
judgment standards has placed burdens on both the moving and the nonmoving party.
In Dresher v. Burt (1996),
moving nor nonmoving party provides evidentiary materials demonstrating that there are
no material facts in dispute, the moving party is not entitled to a judgment as a matter of
law as the moving party bears the initial responsibility of informing the trial court of the
basis for the motion, ‘and identifying those portions of the record which demonstrate the
absence of a genuine issue of fact on a material element of the nonmoving party’s
claim.’ Id. at 276. (Emphasis added.)” Welch v. Ziccarelli , 11th Dist. No. 2006-L-229,
be viewed in the nonmovant's favor. Civ.R. 56(C). Even the inferences to be drawn
from the underlying facts contained in the evidentiary materials, such as affidavits and
depositions, must be construed in a light most favorable to the party opposing the
motion. Turner v. Turner (1993),
B. RECKLESS, WILLFUL OR WANTON CONDUCT We turn to the issue of what constitutes willful, wanton, and reckless conduct under R.C. 2744. In Brockman v. Bell ( 1992), 78 Ohio App. 3d 508, 605 N.E. 2d 445, the
First District Court of Appeals observed that civil liability for negligence is predicated upon injury caused by the failure to discharge a duty recognized in law and owed to the injured party. The existence of a duty depends on the foreseeability of the injury. The test for foreseeability is whether a reasonably prudent person, under the same or similar circumstances, should have anticipated that injury to another was the probable result of his performance or nonperformance of an act. As the probability increases that certain consequences will flow from certain conduct, the actor's conduct acquires the character of intent and moves from negligence toward intentional wrongdoing. Thus, the court concluded, the terms “wanton,” “willful” and “reckless,” as used to describe tortious conduct, might best be defined at points on a continuum between negligence, which conveys the idea of inadvertence, and intentional misconduct. We observe that willful and wanton misconduct describe two distinct legal
standards. Gardner v. Ohio Valley Region Sports Car Club of Am. , Franklin App. No.
01 AP-1280,
v. City of Columbus (2000), 139 Ohio App. 3d 962, 968, 746 N.E. 2d 246. Wanton
misconduct has also been likened to conduct that manifests a “disposition to perversity.”
Seymour v. New Bremen Speedway (1971),
v. Mentor Soccer Club, Inc. (1998), 82 Ohio St.3d 367, 375, 696 N.E.2d 201, quoting
McKinney v. Hartz & Restle Realtors, Inc. (1987),
beyond mere negligence and requires the evidence to establish a disposition to
perversity on the part of the tortfeasor such that the actor must be conscious that his
conduct will in all probability result in injury. The “wanton or reckless misconduct”
standard set forth in R.C. 2744.03(A)(6) and “willful or wanton misconduct” standard set
forth in R.C. 2744.02(B)(1)(a) are functionally equivalent. 187 Ohio App.3d 551, 932
N.E.2d 960,
misconduct set forth in Restatement of the Law 2d, Torts (1965) 587, Section 500. Marchetti v. Kalish (1990), 53 Ohio St.3d 95, 100, 559 N.E.2d 699, 704 at n.3. Comments f and g to Section 500 of the Restatement of Torts 2d, supra , at 590, provide a concise analysis, which differentiates between the three mental states of tortious conduct with which we are confronted. The court in Marchetti cited to these comments with approval. They provide as follows: “ f. Intentional misconduct and recklessness contrasted. Reckless
misconduct differs from intentional wrongdoing in a very important particular. While an act to be reckless must be intended by the actor, the actor does not intend to cause the harm which results from it. It is enough that he realizes or, from facts which he knows, should realize that there is a strong probability that harm may result, even though he hopes or even expects that his conduct will prove harmless. However, a strong probability is a different thing from the substantial certainty without which he cannot be said to intend the harm in which his act results. “ g. Negligence and recklessness contrasted. Reckless misconduct differs
from negligence in several important particulars. It differs from that form of negligence which consists in mere inadvertence, incompetence, unskillfulness, or a failure to take precautions to enable the actor adequately to cope with a possible or probable future emergency, in that reckless misconduct requires a conscious choice of a course of action, either with knowledge of the serious danger to others involved in it or with knowledge of facts which would disclose this danger to any reasonable man. It differs not only from the above-mentioned form of negligence, but also from that negligence which consists in intentionally doing an act with knowledge that it contains a risk of harm to others, in that the actor to be reckless must recognize that his conduct involves a risk substantially greater in amount than that which is necessary to make his conduct negligent. The difference between reckless misconduct and conduct involving only such a quantum of risk as is necessary to make it negligent is a difference in the degree of the risk, but this difference of degree is so marked as to amount substantially to a difference in kind.” See also Marchant v. Gouge , supra at ¶ 36.
{¶37} Appellants argue Coombs violated traffic law and departmental policies while driving the fire truck. R.C. 4511.03 is entitled “Emergency or public safety vehicles to proceed cautiously past red or stop signal” and provides: “(A) The driver of any emergency vehicle or public safety vehicle, when responding to an emergency call, upon approaching a red or stop signal or any stop sign shall slow down as necessary for safety to traffic, but may proceed cautiously past such red or stop sign or signal with due regard for the safety of all persons using the street or highway.” The statute does not refer to use of sirens and flashing lights. It directs all
emergency vehicles to slow down at red lights and stop signs. The trial court cited Pelc v. Hartford Insurance Co ., Stark App. No.
2003CA00162,
{¶41}
In the case at bar, the trial court found violations of departmental
regulations do not strip Coombs of immunity because a city regulation cannot override
the state statute granting immunity. The court stated courts in Ohio have repeatedly
found violations of internal departmental policies are not relevant to a finding of malice,
bad faith or wanton or reckless manner, citing Elass v. Crockett , Summit App.
No.22282,
2574, 889 N.E.2d 505 as authority for the proposition a plaintiff cannot maneuver
around political subdivision immunity by alleging violations of departmental policies or
the Ohio Administrative Code.
In O'Toole v. Denihan, 118 Ohio St.3d 374,
505, ¶ 73, the Supreme Court noted that in the context of R.C. 2744.03(A) (6) (b), recklessness is a perverse disregard of a known risk. The O'Toole court held that violations of agency policy could rise to the level of recklessness if the circumstances demonstrate a perverse disregard for the risks involved. Id. at ¶ 92. The Court said: “Appellee's final attempt to maneuver around George-Munro's immunity status is based on the allegation that George-Munro violated various Ohio Administrative Code and CCDCFS policies regarding investigations. Given our definition of “recklessness,” a violation of various policies does not rise to the level of reckless conduct unless a claimant can establish that the violator acted with a perverse disregard of the risk. *** Without evidence of an accompanying knowledge that the violations “will in all probability result in injury,” Fabrey, [ v. McDonald Village Police Department ] 70 Ohio St.3d at 356, 639 N.E.2d 31, evidence that policies have been violated demonstrates negligence at best. ***” O’Toole at paragraph 92. The laws and policies are designed to make emergency responses safer
for the public. However, they also exist for the protection of the firefighters, who already face serious personal risks in their day-to-day jobs, and who must not be further imperiled en route to their humanitarian roles. We find violations of traffic statutes and departmental policies are factors a jury may consider in determining whether Coombs’ actions were reckless. The 2008 Fire Department Policy Vehicle Operations/ Security requires
drivers of fire department vehicles to come to a complete stop: if directed by a law enforcement officer; for red traffic lights; for stop signs ; for negative right-of way intersections; for blind intersections; if the driver cannot account for all lanes of traffic in an intersection. The Canton Fire Department Policy Incident and Collision Investigation
guidelines list collisions at intersections preventable if: the driver failed to completely stop at an intersection controlled by a red control device or stop sign; the driver failed to control speed so the vehicle could be stopped safely; the driver failed to check cross traffic and wait for all lanes of traffic to stop or clear before entering the intersection, even if the driver had the right of way; the driver pulled out into the face of oncoming traffic; the driver collided with a vehicle making a turn; the driver collided with a vehicle making a turn in front of the city vehicle. Appellants urge from the above facts, reasonable minds could draw
different conclusions regarding whether Coombs operated the fire truck recklessly.
The question of whether a person has acted recklessly is almost always a
question for the jury. Hunter v. Columbus (2000),
intentional, and there are no bright lines. It is a jury question where on the continuum
the appellees’ actions fall. We agree with the Bell court that the line between willful and
wanton misconduct and ordinary negligence can be a very fine one, Bell at 517, citing
Osler v. Lorain (1986),
on its particular facts, and the use of a siren and flashing lights is one factor a jury must consider. Whether the emergency vehicle has crossed left of center may be a factor, as is the speed at which an emergency vehicle is traveling, because it may exceed the reaction time of even an alert driver. Id., at 970-971. The Reynolds court found use of a siren and flashing lights is not the sole determinative fact, and the court discussed tree-lined streets as possible impairments to visibility and audibility. Id. at 127. The question of whether conduct is reckless in the case at bar in relation to whether the probability of harm is great and known to the alleged tortfeasor requires a more substantial analysis. The city cites situations where emergency vehicle drivers were not found to be driving in a wanton or reckless manner, but each situation must be evaluated on its own unique facts. In this case, the circumstances are extreme enough that evaluation of whether the recklessness was great enough to be reckless or wanton misconduct is a matter for the trier of fact. The fact that the siren was not on is, of course, a matter that can be considered by the jury in determining whether appellants proved wanton or reckless misconduct, but the driver's conduct must be evaluated based upon all of the circumstances at the time he choose to continue into the intersection at the speed he was traveling. “It is assumed that twelve men know more of common affairs of life than
does one man, that they can draw wiser and safer conclusions from admitted facts thus occurring than can a single judge.” Sioux City & Pennsylvania Railway. Co. v. Stout , (1873) 84 U.S. (17 Wall.) 657,664. Justice Story was writing in defense of one of the foundations of the American system of justice: the Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution. It provides: “In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed
twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.”
{¶56} Although the Seventh Amendment is not directly applicable to the individual states, Ohio has guaranteed the right to jury trial in Section 5, Article I of the Ohio Constitution. Article I section 5 of the Ohio Constitution provides:
{¶57} ”The right of trial by jury shall be inviolate, except that, in civil cases, laws may be passed to authorize the rendering of a verdict by the concurrence of not less than three-fourths of the jury.” Because the right to jury trial is a substantive fundamental right, any rule or
statute curtailing that right must be examined under a microscope. For this reason, the Ohio Supreme Court has held that even if the facts of a given case are undisputed, if a jury could draw different conclusions from those facts, a summary judgment cannot be entered. Houndshell v. American States Insurance Company (1981), 67 Ohio St. 2d 427. The jury must decide questions of fact; the judge decides how the law applies to those facts. The judge must not weigh the credibility of the evidence and must not decide how much emphasis to put on any one piece of properly admitted evidence. Summary judgment can be an important tool to streamline what may become a lengthy process. It is intended to weed out those cases that have no merit, or those that can be resolved simply by applying the law. However, courts must not be in a rush to judgment and must carefully preserve the right of litigants to have a jury of their peers determine the facts of their case. Recently, the Ohio Supreme Court explained: “This right [to a jury] serves as one of the most fundamental and long-
standing rights in our legal system, having derived originally from the Magna Carta.
See Cleveland Ry.v. Halliday Co. (1933), 127 Ohio St. 278, 284, 188 N.E. 1. It was
“[d]esigned to prevent government oppression and to promote the fair resolution of
factual issues.” Arrington v. Daimler Chrysler Corp., 109 Ohio St.3d 539, 2006-Ohio-
3257,
this issue. Accordingly, the assignment of error is sustained. For the foregoing reasons the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas,
Stark County, Ohio is reversed, and the cause is remanded for further proceedings in accordance with the law and consistent with this opinion.
By Gwin, P.J.,
Hoffman, J., and
Wise, J., concur
_________________________________ HON. W. SCOTT GWIN _________________________________ HON. WILLIAM B. HOFFMAN _________________________________ HON. JOHN W. WISE WSG:clw 0204
[Cite as
Burlingame v. Estate of Burlingame
,
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR STARK COUNTY, OHIO
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
GRACE BURLINGAME :
:
Plaintiff-Appellant :
:
: -vs- : JUDGMENT ENTRY
:
ESTATE OF DALE BURLINGAME, :
ET AL :
:
: Defendants-Appellants : CASE NO. 2010-CA-00124 And
JAMES R. COOMBS, II., ET AL
Defendants-Appellees For the reasons stated in our accompanying Memorandum-Opinion, the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas of Stark County, Ohio, is reversed, and the cause is remanded to the court for further proceedings in accordance with law and consistent with this opinion. Costs to appellees.
_________________________________
HON. W. SCOTT GWIN
_________________________________
HON. WILLIAM B. HOFFMAN
_________________________________
HON. JOHN W. WISE
*24
[Cite as
Burlingame v. Estate of Burlingame
,
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR STARK COUNTY, OHIO
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
GRACE BURLINGAME :
:
Plaintiff-Appellant :
:
: -vs- : JUDGMENT ENTRY
:
ESTATE OF DALE BURLINGAME, :
ET AL :
:
: Defendants-Appellants : CASE NO. 2010-CA-00130 And
JAMES R. COOMBS, II., ET AL
Defendants-Appellees For the reasons stated in our accompanying Memorandum-Opinion, the judgment of the Court of Common Pleas of Stark County, Ohio, is reversed, and the cause is remanded to the court for further proceedings in accord with law and consistent with this opinion. Costs to appellees.
_________________________________ HON. W. SCOTT GWIN _________________________________ HON. WILLIAM B. HOFFMAN _________________________________ HON. JOHN W. WISE
Notes
[1] The claim against Motorists was that it should be required to set forth its subrogated claim to the extent that it had one.
[2] Coombs, in the case at bar.
[3] R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(b).