OPINION
delivered the opinion of the court,
In this malpractice action, Plaintiffs allege that the negligence of Defendants’ nursing home staff proximately caused the death of Edwin Ratliff. Mr. Ratliff suffered from dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and numerous other medical conditions. While Mr. Ratliff was a resident of Defendants’ nursing home, he developed a severe scrotal infection requiring admission to a local hospital. Following his admission on September 8, 2003, at least three medical personnel at the hospital told Plaintiffs that this was the worst case of neglect they had ever seen. Mr. Ratliff died on November 4, 2003. Plaintiffs filed this complaint on September 30, 2004. The trial court granted Defendants’ motion for summary judgment, finding that Plaintiffs filed their complaint after the one-year statute of limitations had expired. After careful review, we hold that the Plaintiffs had notice of their claim no later than September 9, 2003, and so the discovery rule was inapplicable. However, pursuant to Tenn. R. App. P. 13, we remand to the trial court to allow the parties to present proof of Mr. Ratliffs mental state as it may be relevant to the statute of limitations for Plaintiffs’ claim pursuant to
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Tenn.Code Ann. § 28-1-106 in light of the Tennessee Supreme’s Court’s recent holding in
Abels v. Genie Industries, Inc.,
I. Background
Edwin Ratliff was admitted to the Wex-ford House, a nursing home in Sulhvan County, in early 2000 with dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, and numerous other medicаl problems. Due to Mr. Ratliffs advanced age and health condition, he was dependent upon nursing staff at Wexford House to feed him and take care of his hygiene needs. Two of Mr. Ratliffs daughters, Plaintiffs Patricia Hart and Helen Burk, held powers of attorney for him. While Mr. Ratliff was a resident of Wexford House, staff at the facility reassured Mr. Ratliffs family about his condition and the quality of care that he was receiving.
On August 4, 2003, Mr. Ratliff, age 83, was transferred to Wellmont Holston Valley Medical Center for possible placement of a suprapubic catheter. 1 However, Mr. Ratliff was unable to have the catheter implanted due to complications. He was returned to Wexford House on August 23, 2003, with scrotal swelhng and bleeding from the dressing which had been placed on his pubic area. Plaintiffs claim that between August 23, 2003, and September 8, 2003, nurses at Wexford House noted several times that Mr. Ratliff was experiencing severe swelling in the scrotal area, but did not notify a physician.
On September 7, 2003, Mr. Ratliffs daughter, Plaintiff Glenda Evjen, visited her father at Wexford House. While there, she observed that Mr. Ratliff had a high fever, as well as a swollen scrotum and discolored pubic area. Ms. Burk noted on the same day that Mr. Ratliffs scrotum “was the size of a large balloon” and had black and green pus oozing from it. Mr. Ratliffs wife, Plaintiff Thelma Ratliff, also visited Mr. Ratliff on that day аnd noticed that his scrotum was swollen to “double its normal size.” The next day, Mr. Ratliff was transported to Indian Path Medical Center for treatment of what Wexford House staff identified as a “ruptured scrotum.” On September 10, 2003, Mr. Ratliff underwent surgery for incision and debridement of scrotal gangrene.
While Mr. Ratliff was being treated at Indian Path Medical Center, a wound care specialist told Mr. Ratliffs family that this was the worst case of neglect she had ever seen. An emergency-room nurse made a similar comment on September 8, 2003. Dr. Everhart, the physician who admitted Mr. Ratliff to Indian Path Medical Center, told Ms. Hart that Mr. Ratliff should not have been left in the condition he was in and that Dr. Everhart had never seen such neglect. Ms. Hart and other family members told the hospital staff that they were dissatisfied with Wexford House and did not want Mr. Ratliff sent back there.
On September 9, 2003, Ms. Burk called the Tennessee Department of Hеalth to complain about Wexford House’s treatment of Mr. Ratliff. The Department of Health responded 10 days later, notifying Plaintiffs that their “allegations could not be substantiated” by the person who investigated the complaint.
Mr. Ratliff was released from Indian Path Medical Center on September 15, 2003. The hospital’s discharge summary noted Mr. Ratliffs “longstanding dementia.” As to his general state of mind, the hospital record stated the following: “Overall, hе is in the fetal position. He answers ‘yeah’ to all questions.” Rather *899 than returning Mr. Ratliff to Wexford House upon his discharge from the hospital, Plaintiffs arranged for him to stay at Church Hill Health Care and Rehabilitation Center. Mr. Ratliff was hospitalized on two subsequent occasions for treatment of pneumonia and other health problems. He died on November 4, 2003, at Bristol Hospice House. Senility was listed as the primary cause of death on Mr. Ratliffs dеath certificate, with other significant conditions listed as dementia, periferal vascular disease with ischemia, diabetes, and aspiration.
On September 30, 2004, Plaintiffs, as spouse, daughters, and co-executors of Mr. Ratliffs estate, filed this action for wrongful death and loss of consortium against RHA/Sullivan Inc., d/b/a The Wexford House and RHA Health Services, Inc. Plaintiffs alleged that Mr. Ratliffs death was the result of “either gross negligence or potentiаlly intentional or malicious conduct in either failing or refusing to assess and timely and appropriately respond to medical problems suffered by Edwin Ratliff while a patient at Wexford House.” Defendants moved for summary judgment, asserting that Plaintiffs’ claim was barred by the one-year statute of limitations as set forth in Tenn.Code Ann. §§ 29-26-116(a) and 28-3-104. The trial court granted Defendants’ motion, finding that the Plaintiffs “were aware of their claim resulting from care and treаtment at Defendants’ facility on or before September 10, 2003,” thus making the fifing of Plaintiffs’ suit on September 30, 2004, untimely. Plaintiffs appeal.
II. Issue
The issue we address in this appeal is whether the trial court erred in granting summary judgment to the Defendants based upon the expiration of the statute of limitations.
III. Standard of Review
Summary judgment is appropriate only when the moving party demonstrates that “there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled tо a judgment as a matter of law.” Tenn. R. Civ. P. 56.04. The burden of proof rests with the moving party, who must establish that its motion satisfies these requirements.
Staples v. CBL & Associates, Inc.,
The standards governing the assessment of evidence in the summary judgment context are well established. Courts must view the evidence in the fight most favorable to the nonmoving party and must draw all reasonable infеrences in the non-moving party’s favor. See
Robinson v. Omer,
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Because a trial court’s decision to grant a motion for summary judgment is solely a matter of law, it is not entitled to a presumption of correctness. See
Staples,
IV. Analysis
Plaintiffs assert that the trial court erred in finding their claim barred by the statute of limitations. Tennessee law does not specify a statute of limitations for wrongful death actions. Rather, courts have uniformly applied the one-year limitations period for personal injuries, as found in Tenn.Code Ann. § 28-3-104.
Steele v. Tennessee Jaycees, Inc.,
No. 01-A-01-9505-CH00214,
Plaintiffs invoke the “discovery rule” set forth above as a means of saving their claim from summary judgment. Plaintiffs state that they did not learn of a potential cause of action against Defendants until well after Mr. Ratliffs death, following consultation with an attorney and subsequent investigation. Mr. Ratliff died less than a year before Plaintiffs filed suit. Therefore, Plaintiffs assert that their lawsuit was not barred by the statute of limitations, because they filed the claim within a year of discovering their cause of action against Defendants.
The Tennessee Supreme Court adopted the discovery rule more than 30 years ago in
Teeters v. Currey,
Under the discovery rule, the statute of limitations in a medical malpractice case begins to run “when the patient discovers, or reasonably should have discovered (1) the ocсasion, the manner, and the means by which the breach of duty that caused his or her injuries occurred, and (2) the identity of the person who caused the injury.”
Id.
However, the plaintiff is not entitled to wait until he or she knows all of the injurious consequences caused by the alleged negligence before filing suit.
Shadrick v. Coker,
Determining when a plaintiff acquired
constructive
knowledge of those elements is generally a question for the trier of fact.
Id.
However, the same is not true of a case in which the plaintiff had
actual
knowledge of a tortious injury and of the alleged tortfeasor’s identity. We have recognized that “a plaintiff has actual knowledge of an injury where there has been an expert opinion given of such injury, i.e. whеre the defendant admitted malpractice, or another expert opined that there was malpractice.”
Matz v. Quest Diagnostics Clinical Laboratories, Inc.,
No. E2003-00167-COA-R3-CV,
A case that is particularly instructive on the issue of notice is
Draper v. Thorne,
No. 01-A-019008CV00305,
In December 1987, Mr. Draper’s original doctor visited him and admitted that he (the doctor) should have gotten Mr. Draper to a surgeon sooner. Mr. Draper testified that his first thoughts about malpractice occurred after that conversation.
Draper,
It was nоt necessary for Mr. Draper to know the recognized standards of acceptable professional practice. He was made aware, by responsible authority, that an error had been committed by defendant and that he had suffered because of that error. The right of action was complete, and Mr. Draper was aware of the events which produced the rightof action.
Id. at *4.
The facts establishing knowledge in this сase are even stronger than those in Draper. Here, it is undisputed that at *902 least three medical personnel at Indian Path Medical Center told Plaintiffs that Mr. Ratliff was the worst case of neglect they had ever seen. These communications occurred on September 8 and/or 9, 2003. Prior to Mr. Ratliffs admission to the hospital, several of the Plaintiffs witnessed Mr. Ratliffs swollen scrotum while he was still a resident at Wexford House. They noted his high temperature and even saw pus draining from his scrotum. In fact, Mr. Ratliffs condition was so severe that Plaintiffs insisted he be taken to the hospital. Thus, by September 9, 2003, Plaintiffs were aware that Mr. Ratliffs scrotal gangrene, for which he underwent surgery the following day, may have been caused by the neglect of Wexford House. Plaintiffs then had a duty to investigate and discover whether Defendants were in fact responsible for Mr. Ratliffs injury. Therefore, we find that Plaintiffs had actual knowledge of Mr. Ratliffs injury and that the injury was caused by wrongful conduct of Wexford House on or before September 9, 2003.
Because we find that Plaintiffs had actual knowledge of a potential claim more than one year before they filed suit, we do not need to consider whether Plaintiffs also had constructive knowledge of the cause of action.
Plaintiffs assert they were unaware of a potential claim against Defendants “until they met with counsel after Mr. Ratliffs death and upon further investigation after that time.” Plaintiffs fail to state a precise date upon which they learned that a cause of action existed, nor do they indicate what additional evidence prompted this conclusion. As we have stated before, “[t]he discovery rule was not meant to allow a party to delay filing his claim until after he has completed the process of discovering all the factors that аffect its merits.”
Steele,
Furthermore, Plaintiffs’ subjective reactions are not controlling of whether the statute of limitations should be tolled under the discovery rule.
Draper,
After careful review, we find from the undisputed facts that Plaintiffs had notice of their claim no later than September 9, 2003. Thus, the decision of the trial court regarding the inapplicability of the discovery rule to this action was correct. However, we do not find this issue to be dispos-itive of this appeal.
Although we are generally restricted to considering issues on appeal that were raised by the parties at the trial court level and presented for our review in the parties’ appellate briefs, we do have discretion to consider other matters when approрriate. Tennessee Rule of Appellate *903 Procedure 13(b) provides that an appellate court “may in its discretion consider other issues in order, among other reasons: (1) to prevent needless litigation, (2) to prevent injury to the interests of the public, and (3) to prevent prejudice to the judicial process.” Tenn. R.App. P. 13(b). This case fits squarely within the purview of Rule 13(b).
Less than one week before we convened to heаr the parties’ oral arguments in this case, the Tennessee Supreme Court issued its opinion in
Abels v. Genie Indus., Inc.,
If the person entitled to commence an action is, at the time the cause of action accrued, either within the age of eighteen (18) years, or of unsound mind, such person, or such person’s representatives and privies, as the case may be, may commence the action, after the removal of such disability, within the time of limitation for the particular cause of action, unless it exceeds thrеe (3) years, and in that case within three (3) years from the removal of such disability.
Tenn.Code Ann. § 28-1-106 (2000).
In Abels, Jerry Hunt sustained severe brain injuries on July 7, 2003, while in the course and scope of his employment. Abels, at 100. Following the incident, the Circuit Court of Hardin County appointed Mr. Hunt’s uncle and work supervisor, Terry Abels, as guardian ad litem for Mr. Hunt. The order granted Mr. Abels “full authority to handle Mr. Hunt’s financial affairs.” Id. Mr. Abels filed a products liability action on Mr. Hunt’s behalf on July 6, 2004, in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Tennessee. On January 3, 2005, Mr. Abels amended the complaint by adding another defendant, Rental Services Corporation (“RSC”). RSC moved for summary judgment based on the one-year statute of limitations for personal injury cases. Id. The district court found that the motion “involved determinative issues of state law for which the decisions of [the Tennessee Supreme Court] do not appear to provide controlling precedent.” Therefore, rather than ruling on the motion, the district court certified two questions to the Supreme Court pursuant to Tennessee Supreme Court Rule 23. Id. at 105. In deciding the second question, the Supreme Court concluded that:
[T]he disability of unsound mind referenced in Tenn.Code Ann. section 28-1-106 is not removed when the disabled person’s legal representative is appointed and/or accepts responsibility for the disabled person’s tort claims. Rather the tolling of the statutе of limitations continues until the disabled person’s mind becomes “sound,” or the person dies. 2
Abels, at 105. The High Court further stated that the discovery rule is inapposite so long as the statute of limitations is tolled because of a plaintiffs disability. Id.
At oral argument, Plaintiffs’ counsel asserted that
Abels is
controlling in this case because Mr. Ratliff was of unsound mind
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during his residency at Wexford House and remained so until his death on November 4, 2003. Two of Mr. Ratliffs daughters held powers of attorney for him. If Plaintiffs’ assertions can be substantiatеd, then under the holding in
Abels,
Plaintiffs’ action filed on September 30, 2004, would be timely, as it was commenced within one year of Mr. Ratliffs death. However, it is beyond our province to determine whether Mr. Ratliff was of unsound mind. As used in the legal disability statute, “unsound mind” describes a person who is “incapable of attending to any business, or of taking care of [himself].”
Crawford, v. Beatty,
V. Conclusion
In summary, we find that the trial court was correct in granting summary judgment to Defendants on the discovery rule issue. However, given the Supreme Court’s recent decision in
Abels v. Genie Industries, Inc.,
Notes
. A suprapubic catheter is a flexible tubular device that is inserted through the abdominal wall into the bladder. The device is used to pass fluids to and from the urinary tract.
. Upon finding its answer to the second certified question dispositive of the case, the Supreme Court declined to address the first certified question presented by the district court.