48 Ky. 285 | Ky. Ct. App. | 1848
delivered the opinion of the Court.
This is an appeal from a judgment in ejectment, rendered in favor of the plaintiff, upon the demise of the appellees against Burgin, the appellant.
The lessors claim the land in contest as embraced in the patent of Calloway, from whom they attempted to deduce title. Calloway appeal's to have conveyed to Hart, and Hart to Nathaniel Tevis.
Tevis died about 1798, leaving a will, in which he devises a certain portion of his land, embracing, as is contended, the land in dispute to be sold to the highest bidder, and the money to be equally divided between his two daughters, afterwards Mrs. Davis, and Mrs, Wheeler, besides whom it appears he had several Other children.
In 1807, Davis and wife and Wheeler and wife, attempted to convey the land thus devised to be sold to Robert Tevis, by deed bearing date the 23d October, 1807. The deed appears to have been acknowledged by Davis and wife in October, 1809, Mrs. Davis relinquishing her right of dower; and in 1810, it was also acknowledged by Wheeler and wife, and recorded. Before this deed was offered in evidence to the jury, it was admitted that Davis and wife, and Wheeler, all died before the institution of this suit, having heirs, who were still living. The Court permitted the deed to go in evidence to the jury, with no evidence of its execution, except the certificate of the Clerk thereon, overruling the defendant’s objections, and saying to the jury, that the deed was evidence of the extent to which Robert Tevis claimed, and was also evidence that Wheeler and wife and Davis and wife, had elected to take the land devised to be sold, instead of the proceeds!
The defendant introduced a deed to him from oixe Bentley, and testimony conducing to prove that since 1815, the land embraced in the boundax-ies of the deed had been ixx possessioxx of Bentley and himself, claimed and enclosed by them by fence — and also that the boundai'ies of the deed embraced the land in contest.
Only a few acres of land were irxvolved in the contest, which turned, or in part turned upon a mere question of boundary.
The jury found for the plaintiff, up to a particular line upon the connected plat, and which would include a few acres of land in possession of the defendant.
Numerous questions are presented by the assignment, of errors.
1st, It is contended that the Court ei'red in permitting the deed from Davis and wife, and Wheeler and wife to go to the jury.
The Court was right, we think, in pex-mitting the deed to so to the jui’y. We are inclined to the opinion, that ° , , , , , • , . ... , , as the deed or the husbands, it might be read under the 10th section of the act of 1831: (Stat. Law, 453.) But
As to Mrs. Wheeler and Mrs. Davis, it was neither so acknowledged or recorded as to pass any title from them, or to ■ constitute it-for any purpose, evidence against them: Applegate vs Gracy, (9 Dana, 215.) It was no evidence, we think, as decided by the Circuit Judge, of an election-by them to take the land instead of the proceeds thereof in money, The doctrine seems
It-is not perceived, therefore,'that the deed could be -•used, or would be evidence in this case for any .other le■gitimate purpose, except while Tevis or those claiming under him, were in possession and claiming under it, to define or limit the extent-of 'the possession. And. it follows, that the Court below erred in the instruction to the jur-y that the deed was evidence of an election by Wheeler and wife, and Davis and wife, to take the land instead-of the .proceeds, and that by such election the rtitle vested in the femes at the date and acknowledgment of the deed..
■3d, It is-objected that the survey and plat of 1798, was erroneously permitted to be read in evidence, This objection is deemed invalid. The survey purported‘to be made only a few days after >the probate of the will, and at the instance of the executors, and taken in con* nection with «other proof in the case, was evidence of the boundary-of the land devised by the testator to be sold for the benefit o& his daughters.
4th, It is insisted «that the Court misdirected-the jury in the instruction .given on the motion of the .plaintiff
We perceive no defect in the -instruction, except that it excludes, in effect, from the consideration of the jury, as matter of defence, the evidence of possession by the defendant and his grantor, and in .that .respect, as the record now stands, .we think it >is «erroneous. As we ■understand the testimony, it ..conduced to prove actual ■possession by enclosure, in the defendant and Bentley, ■for more than twenty years before the commencement ■of the plaintiffs action. Suck a possession, for aught ¡ that appears, would have constituted a valid defence.
The first and second instructions moved on the part of the defendant, are mainly predicated upon the magnetic variation of the compass. They virtually ask the Court to tell the jury, that in running or ascertaining the disputed .line, if marked trees or natural objects were not found, course and distance were to govern, but that proper allowance was to be made by them for the variation of the needle at the time the survey in this case was made, from the true meridian. The Court refused to give the instructions, but said to the jury “that no allowance was to be made for the variation of the needle in said line, that the needle only varied from the true meridian for about thirty years, and then commenced running back, and that it had about time to get to its greatest variation and back to the true meridian since the date of Calloways original survey.'”
There was no error, we think, in overruling the instructions asked, but we are not satisfied the Court was •right in the instruction given.
'The only evidence in .the record, in-regard to the variation of the compass, was that of the witness. Crook, who appears to have been a surveyor, although not the •dne who made the survey and connected plat in this -case. He stated that the variation of the Compass since 1785, (the date of Calloway’s survey,) from the meridian, would be at least one and three fourth degrees to the east of the true meridian. The question is whether it was practicable for the jury to determine, from this testimony, where the line from the agreed corner, ■calling to run north, would run, or what allowance was to be.made by them for the variation of the needle at the time the survey in this case was made, from the true meridian. We think not. The line which should govern, in view of the variation, could only be ascer
According to the case of Vance vs Marshall, (3 Bibb, 150,) the original survey of Calloway is to be regarded as made according to the magnetic and not the true meridian. In ascertaining, therefore, where the line in question should run, the magnetic meridian in 1785, should be ascertained, or which would be the same thing, •the magnetic variation at that time from the true meridian ; and a line- run according to that variation from the agreed corner at A. upon that plat, would be the ■true line. This is upon the supposition, of course, that the line cannot be ascertained by marked trees or natural objects.
The proposition of the Court appears to be based ■upon the idea that the original survey of Calloway was ■made according to the true meridian, and that at that ■time there was no magnetic variation. Whether upon ■this hypothesis the needle would have vibi'ated to its greatest extreme of variation and back again to the true meridian, since the date of the survey, or in about sixty years, is a question, we think, of fact, and not of judicial cognizance. Besides, the material fact upon which ■the principle is predicated, is not established by any ■thing appearing in the record. Jt is not shown that the needle was on the true meridian in 1785. It is true, if it be.assumed that the variation is always at a'uniform rate, and invariably continues up to a given point and ■never passes it, that the needle at any point which might be assumed at a certain determinate period, would be at the same point again. But such facts cannot be judicially assumed, nor the determinate period known.
Wherefore, the judgment is reversed, and the cause ■remanded, that a new trial may be had in conformity with the principles of this opinion.