Lead Opinion
| Appellant Ketan Bulsara, Individually and as Administrator of the Estate of Simi Ketan Bulsara, deceased, and on behalf of the wrongful-death beneficiaries of Simi Ketan Bulsara, appeals from the judgment of the circuit court entered in favor of appellee Dr. Julia Watkins. Dr. Bulsara originally appealed to the court of appeals, and that court affirmed the judgment. See Bulsara v. Watkins,
The facts, in brief, are these. On April 19, 2004, Dr. Bulsara, a neurosurgeon by occupation, filed a medical-malpractice and wrongful-death action against Dr. Watkins and St. Vincent Doctor’s Hospital, stemming from the stillbirth of his child, Baby Simi. The complaint was later amended to include Arkansas Women’s Center, P.A., as a defendant, but it and St. Vincent Doctor’s Hospital were later dismissed. The matter was ultimately tried by a jury, who returned a judgment in favor of Dr. Watkins, which was filed on November 3, 2006. On November 17, 2006, Dr. Bulsara filed a motion for new trial, in which he asserted that (1) the circuit court should have declared a mistrial after the defense’s expert referred to Dr. Bulsara’s settlement with a third party; (2) the defense’s expert witness, Dr. McKelvey, should have been disqualified as an expert; (3) Dr. Watkins’s counsel, Phil Malcom, should have been disqualified for misconduct relating to his contact with Dr. Rosey Seguin, Mrs. Bulsara’s treating physician and Dr. Watkins’s partner at Arkansas Women’s Center, without Mrs. Bulsara’s consent; (4) Dr. Watkins’s counsel improperly impeached Dr. Bulsara’s expert witness during closing argument; (5) Dr. Watkins violated the circuit court’s ruling on a motion in limine when she elicited certain testimony; (6) Dr. Watkins improperly impeached witnesses; and (7) the “empty chair”-defendant instruction prejudiced the jury. On November 22, 2006, the circuit court entered an order granting a motion by Dr. Watkins for an extension of time to respond to Dr. Bulsara’s new-trial motion.
On November 28, 2006, Dr. Bulsara filed a motion to vacate or set aside judgment, which he based on the grounds set forth in his motion for new trial. Dr. Watkins responded to the motion, stating that the “alleged errors, mistakes, or miscarriages of justice” asserted by Dr. Bul-sara had been previously ruled on by the circuit court and that no new law or facts were presented that would warrant vacating the jury’s verdict based on the previous rulings. On December 15, 2006, the circuit court denied Dr. Bulsara’s motion for new trial.
On January 9, 2007, Dr. Bulsara filed his notice of appeal; however, that same day, the circuit court entered its order denying Dr. Bulsara’s motion to vacate or set aside. Accordingly, Dr. Bulsara filed an amended notice of appeal. As already noted, the matter was. appealed to the court of appeals, which affirmed the judgment of the circuit court. We granted review, but then dismissed the appeal for lack of a final order. A final order was obtained, and Dr. Bulsara now appeals.
I. Dr. Watkins’s Motions
As an initial matter, we must decide two pending motions that were filed with this court and submitted with the case. In a motion to dismiss the appeal, Dr. Watkins asserts that at the time the subsequent notice of appeal was filed, following our dismissal and the circuit court’s entry of a final order, there was no personal representative pursuing the action due to Dr. Bulsara’s prior discharge as personal representative. For this reason, she contends, the notice of appeal was a nullity, and this court lacks jurisdiction to hear the instant appeal.
The exhibits attached to the motion reflect that on February 14, 2007, Dr. Bulsara petitioned the probate court to approve a settlement and authorize payment of attorney’s fees and expenses, and an order approving such was entered on February 16, 2007. On March 2, 2007, Dr. Bulsara filed a petition to authorize the final distribution of estate assets, and on March 9, 2007, the probate court entered an order approving the report of final distribution, discharging the administrator, and closing the administration of the estate.
In Brewer v. Poole,
In Bailey v. Rockafellow,
The first question to be decided is raised by the contention of appellees to the effect that Bailey had no right to prosecute the action as administrator after his discharge. Regularly the action should have been revived in the name of the proper parties, but the court did not lose jurisdiction of it. The discharge was no bar to the action. The defendants could have taken advantage of it by a supplemental answer in the nature of a plea in abatement. But they had a right to waive it, and permit the cause to be tried upon its merits, without revivor, and did so with notice of the fact, by a failure to plead it in any manner. Spalding v. Wathen [70 Ky. 659 ],7 Bush 659 [(1871)]; Mansfield’s Digest, secs. 5028, 5031.
In accord with Bailey, we hold that Dr. Bulsara’s discharge as administrator did not bar his ability to obtain a final order or prosecute the instant appeal. There are, too, the facts that this is Dr. Watkins’s first objection since the discharge was entered, and it was Dr. Watkins’s failure to dismiss her cross-claim that required this court to dismiss Dr. Bulsara’s prior appeal. We therefore deny Dr. Watkins’s motion to dismiss the appeal.
Because we deny the motion to dismiss on the basis that Dr. Bulsara’s discharge did not preclude him from obtaining a final order or pursuing the instant appeal, we need not consider the effect of an order by the probate court reopening the estate and reappointing Dr. Bulsara. Accordingly, Dr. Watkins’s motion to set aside the probate court’s order is moot.
II. Ex Parte Contact with Treating Physician
For his first point on appeal, Dr. Bulsara argues that he is entitled to a new trial because Dr. Watkins’s defense counsel, Phil Malcom, violated Arkansas Rule of Civil Procedure 35(c)(2) and Arkansas Rule of Evidence 503(d)(3)(B), which prohibit ex parte contact by an adverse party with a patient’s nonparty, treating physician, when he consulted with Dr. Seguin regarding Mrs. Bulsara’s case without consent. Dr. Bulsara contends that because Dr. Seguin was a treating physician not named as a party to the lawsuit, Malcom violated the rules when he precluded Dr. Bulsara from speaking with her without Malcom present and objected, on Dr. Seguin’s behalf, to Dr. Bulsara’s discovery request. Dr. Bulsara asserts that Malcom cannot circumvent either the rules prohibiting ex parte contact or the physician-patient privilege simply by representing both Dr. Seguin and Dr. Watkins. He contends that the proper sanction for Mal-com’s actions is a new trial from which Malcom is disqualified, due to Maleom’s unfettered access to Dr. Seguin and her confidential communications, all without consent.
Dr. Watkins counters that she and Dr. Seguin, as well as the clinic at which they were partners, had the right to retain counsel of their choice. She states that Ark. R. Civ. P. 35(c)(2) and Ark. R. Evid. 503(d)(3)(B) are discovery rules designed to protect patient privacy and do not limit the rights of doctors and clinics to select their attorneys. She avers further that Dr. Bulsara has failed to present any proof of prejudice. However, Dr. Bulsara asserts that he did suffer prejudice, specifically, that Malcom restricted Dr. Bulsara’s communication with a treating physician, enjoyed improper access to confidential information, and “poisoned the well” with respect to Dr. Seguin.
This court has held that a decision on whether to grant or deny a motion for new trial lies within the sound discretion of the circuit court. See Dodson v. Allstate Ins. Co.,
Rule 503 (d)(3)(B) of the Arkansas Rules of Evidence provides, in pertinent part, that “[a]ny informal, ex parte contact or communication with the patient’s physician or psychotherapist is prohibited, unless the patient expressly consents.” Ark. R. Evid. 503(d)(3)(B) (2011). This court has previously held that the rule “by its plain language forbids ex parte communication with the patient’s physician in the absence of the patient’s consent.” Kraemer v. Patterson,
According to an affidavit of Dr. Seguin submitted to the circuit court, she and Dr. Watkins discussed the Bulsara case and decided they “needed to obtain the services of an attorney, because we were fearful that claims or a lawsuit would be filed against us over the death of his baby.” She stated that she and Dr. Watkins “agreed that we wanted Phil Malcom to represent each of us and our group, Arkansas Women’s Center, with regard to claims or litigation that could be pursued against us by Dr. and Mrs. Bulsara over the death of their baby.” She stated that Dr. Watkins later relayed to her that Malcom “had accepted the request that she and I had made to have him represent each of us as well as Arkansas Women’s Center with regard to [the possible] claims or litigation.” Notably, she also stated that she “related information to [Malcom]” that she “felt he needed to know,” that he requested her to provide information to him for use in his representation of her, and that she “provided written information to him” for use in his representation of her with regard to any claims or lawsuits filed in the Bulsara matter. It is this information with which Dr. Bulsara was concerned that serves as the basis for his arguments on appeal.
We in no way dispute Dr. Watkins’s claim that a physician can seek legal counsel on issues of concern, just as that holds true for any other person. And, Dr. Se-guin was free to seek.counsel from Mal-com. We wish to make clear, however, that she was still bound by her physician-patient privilege with Mrs. Bulsara.
We find persuasive the reasoning of the Illinois Appellate Court in Baylaender v. Method,
On appeal, Baylaender argued that Dr. Southwiek should have been barred from testifying because he violated Maria’s physician-patient privilege when he, without her consent and prior to any suit being filed, discussed her care with an attorney appointed by his insurance carrier to represent him. See id. The violation was exacerbated, Baylaender claimed, when after the suit was filed, the insurer assigned another attorney to represent Dr. South-wick, and Dr. Southwick’s original attorney was assigned by the same insurance carrier to represent the defendant. See id.
The appeals court agreed with Baylaender and found that the transfer of Dr. Southwick’s attorney to represent the defendant made it impossible to build “a ‘Chinese wall’ between attorneys to prevent information sharing.” Id. at 1326. Noting that such separation would be difficult with two attorneys and the same insurer, the court found that it was “absolutely impossible” where the same attorney was to represent the defendant after having represented the treating physician and taking with him any confidential information the treating physician may have revealed. Id. The court concluded that the transfer of counsel “fatally compromised” the plaintiffs rights to protect her medical secrets from disclosure to the defendant. Id. at 1327.
Likewise, Mrs. Bulsara’s right to protect her confidential communications with Dr. Seguin was fatally compromised when Malcom continued his representation of Dr. Watkins, after the filing of the complaint, having taken with him any confidential information relayed to him by Dr. Se-guin. It was Malcom’s “taking” of this information, as counsel for a defendant-physician, that violated Ark. R. Evid. 503 and Ark. R. Civ. P. 35, and it was the “taking” of this information that served as the basis on which he should have removed himself from the representation.
While Malcom attempts to justify his communications with Dr. Seguin by virtue of the fact that he also represented Dr. Seguin’s practice, Arkansas Women’s Center, P.A., also a defendant, we are not so swayed. The policy behind the physician-patient privilege is to encourage patients to communicate openly with their physicians and to prevent physicians from revealing the infirmities of their patients. See Arkansas State Med. Bd. v. Leonard,
Under Ark. R. Civ. P. 59(a)(1),
[a] new trial may be granted to all or any of the parties and on all or part of the claim on the application of the party aggrieved, for any of the following grounds materially affecting the substantial rights of such party:
(1) any irregularity in the proceedings or any order of court or abuse of discretion by which the party was prevented from having a fair trial.
A party moving for new trial on this basis must show that his or her rights have been materially affected by demonstrating a reasonable possibility of prejudice. See Winkler v. Bethell,
Reversed and remanded. Motion to dismiss denied; motion to set aside moot.
Notes
. This court granted Dr. Bulsara permission to supplement his response to the motion with an order from the probate court, filed November 9, 2011, reopening die administradon of the estate and reappointing Dr. Bulsara as administrator.
. Indeed, any communications between Dr. Seguin and Malcom were protected under the attorney-client privilege. See Ark. R. Evid. 502 (2011); Ark. R. Prof’l Conduct 1.6 (2011).
. While Dr. Watkins relies on this court’s decision in Courteau v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Insurance Co.,
Concurrence in Part
concurring in part and dissenting in part.
|12I have determined that though I agree a violation of Arkansas Rule of Civil Procedure 35 and Arkansas Rule of Evidence 503 occurred after suit was filed and Phillip Malcom continued to represent Dr. Seguin and talk with her without the Bulsaras’ permission, I do not believe disqualification of Malcom from representing both doctors is an appropriate sanction.
I am led to this conclusion by the fact that in cases where Arkansas courts have considered violations of Arkansas Rule of Civil Procedure 35 and Arkansas Rule of Evidence 503, the remedy has been to limit or exclude the testimony of the treating physician on behalf of the defense and to impose monetary sanctions on the defense attorney. See Kraemer v. Patterson,
In Harlan, the Arkansas district court explained that the purpose behind Rules 35 and 503 is to permit patients to retain some control over the manner in which information concerning their medical records and treatment is released.
This view places Arkansas among an enlightened “emerging consensus [of states adhering] to the position that defense counsel is limited to the formal methods of discovery enumerated by the jurisdiction’s rules of civil procedure, absent the patient’s express consent to counsel’s ex parte contact with her treating physician.” Harlan,
But again, in the above-cited cases, disqualification of counsel for the defendant physician was not the sanction imposed where a violation of a rule prohibiting ex-parte contact, such as Rules 35 and 503, occurred. In Crist, the sanction affirmed by the North Carolina Supreme Court was to prohibit the defense counsel from further ex parte interviews with the plaintiffs nonparty treating physician without the plaintiffs express consent. Crist,
In Harlan, the federal district court indicated that it “seriously considered barring these treating physician/defense experts from testifying at all in light of defense counsel’s blatant refusal to acknowledge, much less comply with, Rules 503 and 35 and his improper attempts to influence testimony.” Harlan,
The Harlan court, as a final sanction, imposed monetary sanctions on defense counsel for violation of the Model Rules of Professional Conduct and the rules prohibiting ex parte contact. Id. at 113. The defense attorney in Harlan had made improper and unethical comments to the treating physician during the ex parte interviews in that he told the treating physician that he could be called as a witness; that he could be sued by the plaintiffs; and that if the treating physician did not testify for the plaintiffs, the suit would probably not be successful. Id. The district court concluded that by suggesting to the treating physician that he not testify, the defendant’s lawyer violated Rule 3.4 of the Model Rules of Professional Conduct, which prohibit a lawyer from obstructing another party’s access to evidence or from counseling a third party to conceal information having “possible evidentiary value.” Id. The court found that even if the Arkansas Rules permitted ex parte interviews with treating physicians, this conduct by defense counsel would be impermissible and unethical. Id. Accordingly, the district court sanctioned the defense attorney $2500, “an amount the Court consider[ed] paltry, in light of the conduct.” Id. The Eighth Circuit affirmed the decision of the district court and its imposition of sanctions. Harlan v. Lewis,
In Kraemer v. Patterson, the circuit court entered an order permitting the defense to retain the plaintiffs treating physician as a defense expert. Kraemer,
Then there is the Illinois Court of Appeals’ decision in Baylaender v. Method,
In the instant case, we are presented with different facts than have been considered by this court before due to the fact that Malcom was retained to represent both Dr. Watkins (the defendant) and Dr. Seguin (a treating physician) prior to the lawsuit being filed. Nevertheless, disqualifying Malcom from representing Dr. Watkins for purposes of a new trial goes too far in my judgment. Even in the Harlan case, where the defense counsel engaged in what the federal district court called “impermissible and unethical” conduct, the remedy was to prohibit defense counsel from meeting with the treating physicians without the plaintiffs consent; to order defense counsel to turn over all notes and records of the ex parte communications with the treating physicians, if the defense was going to call those treating physicians as expert witnesses; and to impose monetary sanctions against the defense attorney for his “blatant refusal to acknowledge, much less comply with, Rules 503 and 35 and his improper attempts to influence testimony.” Harlan,
The real issue in the instant case appears to be that Malcom violated Arkansas Rules of Professional Conduct by continuing to represent both doctors after the lawsuit was filed. For example, it seems that by representing both Dr. Watkins and Dr. Seguin, Malcom was violating Rules 1.7 and 1.9 of the Arkansas Rules of Professional Conduct. Rule 1.7, entitled “Conflict of Interest: Current Clients,” provides that a lawyer shall not represent a client if the representation involves a concurrent conflict of interest where the representation “will be materially limited by the lawyer’s responsibilities to another client, a former client or a third person.” Ark. R. Prof’l Conduct 1.7(a)(2) (2011) (emphasis added). Rule 1.9 reads that a “lawyer who has formerly represented a client in a matter shall not thereafter represent another person in the same or a substantially related matter in which that person’s interests are materially adverse to the interests of the former client unless the former client gives informed consent, confirmed in writing.” Ark. R. Prof’l Conduct 1.9(a) (2011) (emphasis added).
It appears that Malcom’s representation of Dr. Watkins would be materially limited by his responsibilities to another client, Dr. Seguin, and vice-versa, in that it would be virtually impossible to keep information he learned through his representation of Dr. Seguin separate from his defense of Dr. Watkins. However, although Dr. Bul-sara makes a general argument about conflict of interest, his argument is not really developed in this appeal. Dr. Bul-sara simply makes conclusory statements, such as “[r]epresenting Dr. Seguin’s interests directly conflicts with Mr. Malcom’s representation of Dr. Watkins’ interest,” “Malcom simply could not represent both clients in this case,” and “[w]hile Rule 1.7(b) allows some conflicts to be waived ... [t]his conflict would surely be ‘noncon-sentable,’ ” without providing an explanation or support for these statements.
Additionally, Dr. Bulsara abandons his argument made below concerning Malcom’s violation of another rule of professional conduct, Rule 3.4, which provides that a lawyer shall not “unlawfully obstruct another party’s access to evidence.” Ark. R. Profl Conduct 3.4(a). In his brief in support of his motion for withdrawal of counsel, Dr. Bulsara argued that because Malcom could not ethically represent a nonparty, treating physician and a defendant physician concurrently, his advising Dr. Seguin to refrain from speaking to Mrs. Bulsara obstructed Dr. Bulsara’s access to relevant information and was a violation of Rule 3.4. This is similar to the argument made in Harlan, which the district court and the Eighth Circuit accepted. This court has made it clear that disqualification of counsel is a drastic measure to be imposed only where clearly required by the circumstances. Craig v. Carrigo,
In sum, I do not think that Rule 35 and Rule 503 relied on by the majority support the remedy of disqualification. At best, these rules and the cases interpreting them or similar rules, provide alternative ways to right the prejudice to the plaintiff by prohibiting the treating physician from testifying for the defense, by prohibiting ex parte contact between the defense and the treating physician, by forcing the defense to turn over to the plaintiff any notes or records resulting from the ex parte communication, and by imposing monetary sanctions for defense counsel’s “blatant refusal to acknowledge, much less comply with, Rules 503 and 35 and his improper attempts to influence testimony.”
Finally, although I disagree that Mal-com should be disqualified as counsel for Dr. Watkins, I do agree that a new trial is warranted. It is clear to me that there has been a blatant violation of Rules 35 and 503. For example, Rule 35(c)(2) expressly prohibits ex parte communications between counsel for a party (Malcom, who represented Dr. Watkins) and a nonparty, treating physician (Dr. Seguin)-unless the treated party (Mrs. Bulsara, who is a beneficiary of the estate) expressly consents. She did not. Rule 35(c)(2) speaks in terms of parties; therefore, a violation of this rule does not occur until a complaint has been filed and a lawsuit has begun. As evidenced by both Dr. Seguin’s affidavit and letters written by Malcom on behalf of Dr. Seguin, it is undisputed that Malcom and Dr. Seguin remained in contact, and, in fact, he continued to represent Dr. Seguin, after the lawsuit was filed. Although it is not clear the exact information that was shared between Dr. Seguin and Mal-com before or after the filing of the complaint, the rules cited above are clear that any communication between the attorney and the treating physician after the suit is filed is prohibited. Therefore, it does not matter what exactly was shared between the two because any communication after the filing of suit results in a violation of the rules.
At the time the lawsuit was filed, Mal-com should have ceased all communication with Dr. Seguin and advised her to seek other counsel. His failure to do so, and, indeed, his continued representation of Dr. Seguin after the complaint was filed, while he remained counsel for Dr. Watkins, resulted in a violation of Rule 35(c)(2) and Rule 503. In cases such as these, it is exceedingly difficult to quantify prejudice. However, Dr. Bulsara has shown a reasonable possibility of prejudice by the simple fact that information was shared between Malcom and Dr. Seguin. Dr. Bulsara has demonstrated further prejudice in light of Malcom’s refusal to permit Dr. Bulsara to communicate with Dr. Seguin, unless Mal-com was present, essentially obstructing his access to information. Because Mal-com effectively participated in an ongoing violation of Arkansas Rule of Civil Procedure 35(c)(2) and Arkansas Rule of Evidence 503, which resulted in prejudice to Dr. Bulsara, a new trial is warranted. Rather than prohibit Malcom from representing Dr. Watkins on remand, however, I would grant the alternative remedy sought by Dr. Bulsara, which is to require Malcom to turn over all notes, records, transcripts, and recordings of the ex parte interviews with Dr. Seguin. This sanction for the violation of the rules is appropriate in order to enable |21Pr. Bulsara “to prepare for evidence that might be offered at trial as a result of the ex parte discovery.” Crist,
Accordingly, I respectfully concur in part and dissent in part.
. It is important to note that we adopted the current version of Arkansas Rule of Civil Procedure 35 and Arkansas Rule of Evidence 503 in light of the decision in Harlan. See Ark. R. Civ. P. 35 rprts. nn. (1998 amend.) (“Consistent with the result reached in Harlan, the first sentence of paragraph (2) provides that a party or his or her attorney cannot interview or otherwise informally contact another party's treating physician or psychotherapist without that party's consent. This new provision reflects the intent of the original version of the rule, i.e., to limit the communications with a party's physician or psychotherapist to the formal discovery process.”).
Concurrence in Part
concurring in part and dissenting in part.
Today the majority holds that appellant is entitled to a new trial based on allegedly improper communications between Dr. Se-guin and her attorney, Phil Malcom. I cannot agree with the reasoning used by the majority in reaching this conclusion, nor do I believe that appellant demonstrated prejudice from any of these allegedly improper communications; therefore, I dissent in the decision to reverse and remand for a new trial. I concur, however, in the majority’s disposition of the motion to dismiss and motion to set aside.
As explained by the majority, both Dr. Watkins and Dr. Seguin contacted Malcom almost immediately after the incident and retained him as counsel for themselves and Arkansas Women’s Center in the event that litigation ensued. This was perfectly within their rights to protect themselves and the Center as potential defendants. See Courteau v. St. Paul Fire & Marine Ins. Co.,
However, the majority concludes that when the lawsuit was filed and the possibility of litigation became a reality, because only Dr. Watkins, and later the Center, were named defendants, Malcom was automatically disqualified from any further representation of Dr. Watkins or the Center, and they were required to start trial preparations anew with different counsel. I fail to see how such an inefficient result is warranted in this case.
First, it should be noted that there could be no violation of Ark. R. Civ. P. 35(c)(2) or Ark. R. Evid. 503(d)(3)(B) at the time the doctors contacted Malcom to represent them and the Center, because at that time no lawsuit had been filed, thus neither physician could be classified as “party” or “nonparty.” Likewise, there is no authority suggested by the majority that would retroactively convert Malcom’s communications with his clients to violations of these rules upon the filing of a lawsuit. Thus, the only way these rules could be violated would be through communications that occurred between Dr. Seguin and Malcom after the filing of the lawsuit.
However, appellant has failed to cite with specificity any communications between Dr. Seguin and Malcom, either before or after the lawsuit was filed, that imparted confidential information not otherwise known to Malcom through his representation of Dr. Watkins and the Center and thus violated appellant’s physician-patient privilege. Instead, appellant makes the conclusory assertion that Malcom enjoyed “improper access to confidential information,” “poisoned the well” with respect to Dr. Seguin, and restricted appellant’s access to Dr. Seguin. A review of the record reveals, however, that appellant had |a3the opportunity to depose Dr. Seguin on at least three separate occasions; that Dr. Seguin was subpoenaed by appellant to testify at the trial; and that appellant’s counsel referred to Dr. Seguin’s expected testimony during her opening statement to the jury. The question of why Dr. Seguin was ultimately not called to testify by appellant is left unanswered, but clearly appellant was not restricted in his access to Dr. Seguin.
Second, even assuming that confidential information was improperly communicated to Malcom by Dr. Seguin in violation of appellant’s physician-patient privilege, the sanction mandated by Baylaender is the barring of Dr. Seguin as a witness for the defense, which has limited applicability in this case because Dr. Seguin was never called as a witness for the defense. In contrast, the result mandated by the majority, namely the disqualification of Malcom as Dr. Watkins’s attorney, is not supported by Baylaender. The disqualification of an attorney is a drastic measure to be imposed only where clearly required by the circumstances to protect and preserve the integrity of the attorney-client relationship. Whitmer v. Sullivent,
It is well settled that a motion for new trial is addressed to the sound discretion of the circuit court, and the circuit court’s refusal to grant it will not be reversed on appeal unless an abuse of discretion is shown. See Jones v. Double “D” Props., Inc.,