214 P. 42 | Cal. | 1923
The plaintiff, as administratrix of the estate of her deceased husband, brought this action to recover for injuries resulting in the death of the decedent and caused by the negligent operation of a motor vehicle by defendant Nat Levenstadt, a minor. The automobile was owned by defendant Morris Levenstadt, uncle of Nat, whose relation to the boy was that of in loco parentis, and who, in order that Nat might procure a license to operate a motor vehicle, had signed the required application therefor. At the time of the accident the uncle was not present, and the boy was engaged upon an independent mission of his own. Special issues were submitted to the jury upon the answers to which the court entered judgment in plaintiff's favor, and against both defendants, who have appealed.
It is admitted at the outset of the presentation of the appeal that, as to the defendant Nat Levenstadt, the evidence of negligence was conflicting, and that as to him there is no just ground for reversal. We shall therefore disregard him in the discussion of the case, and shall refer to the defendant Morris Levenstadt as the appellant. He was held liable solely by reason of the provisions of section 24 of the Motor Vehicle Act of 1915 (Stats. 1915, p. 411, as amended by Stats. 1919, p. 223), which provides for the licensing of persons operating motor vehicles, and imputes the negligence of a minor in the operation of an automobile upon the public highway to the person who shall have signed the application of such minor for such license. The section provides in brief that it shall be unlawful for any person to operate or drive such vehicle upon the public highways unless licensed by the motor vehicle department of the state. The concluding portion, the part germane to this discussion, is as follows: "provided, that it shall be unlawful for any person to cause or knowingly to permit his or her child, ward or employee to operate or drive a motor vehicle upon the public highway, whether as a chauffeur or operator, without having first obtained such license as is hereinbefore specified; provided, that the application to the department of a minor to operate or drive a motor vehicle, whether as chauffeur or operator, shall not be granted by the department unless the parent or parents having the custody of such applicant or the guardian of such applicant shall have joined in said application by signing the same; *686 and provided, further, that any negligence of a minor, so licensed, in operating or driving a motor vehicle upon the public highway, whether as chauffeur or operator, shall be imputed to the person or persons who shall have signed the application of such minor for said license, which person or persons shall be jointly and severally liable with such minor for any damages caused by such negligence."
[1] Appellant's first contention is that, as he is neither the parent nor guardian of Nat Levenstadt, he is not one of the persons required by the statute to sign a minor's application, and is, therefore, a mere volunteer, who cannot be held liable under the provisions of the act. To sustain such contention would be to countenance a fraud upon the people of the state. In order to procure a license for his minor nephew, appellant joined in the application of the boy to the motor vehicle department of California, in which he gave his relationship to the minor as "father." Upon the faith of this guarantee the license to the minor was issued. The evidence shows that Nat's parents died when he was twelve years of age. His sister and he then went to live with their uncle, this appellant, who had no children of his own, and the record conclusively establishes that from that time on appellant stood in the relation ofin loco parentis to both children. He conducted a grocery-store and owned a delivery truck for use in his business. Nat drove this truck for him. He testified that "no one else had anything to do with the driving of the truck except Nat." For these services appellant paid the boy, who was about nineteen years of age, eight dollars a week and his board. Had appellant permitted Nat, regarded either as a son or as an employee, to operate or drive a motor vehicle upon the public highway without first having obtained a license as required by the act, he would have been guilty of a misdemeanor. In order to avail himself of Nat's services he was compelled by law to join with the minor in the application to the department for the proper license. He did so, misrepresenting his relationship to the applicant. It is quite apparent why he did so, and we are not constrained to assist him in evading the liability he assumed over his own signature, by any nicety of construction or regard for technical use of words. *687
But, aside from this attitude, it is the well-settled law that one standing in loco parentis to those held out as members of his family is entitled to all the rights of a parent. (Whitaker v. Warren,
[2] It is next contended that the portion of section 24 of the Motor Vehicle Act under consideration is violative of section 24 of article IV of the state constitution, which provides that "every act shall embrace but one subject, which subject shall be embodied in its title." [3] All that is required in that connection is that the subject must be in some way indicated by the title of the act, or be logically germane to it, and included within its scope. (Pratt v. Browne,
[4] Appellant's final contention is that the provision of the act is unconstitutional because it is unreasonable and discriminatory, and is not uniform and general in its application. The application of the law to minors in a class by themselves is not unreasonable or arbitrary. The argument that the law attempts to put into a class by themselves all minors, irrespective of their age, experience, ability to drive, or their financial responsibility, is one that should be presented to the legislative department and not to the courts. (In reStork,
We may assume, also, that the law-making body was fully cognizant of another rule of law relating to the torts of minors, which is somewhat in the nature of an exception, and that is that a parent may become liable for an injury caused by the child where the parent's negligence made it possible for the child to cause the injury complained of, and probable that it would do so. (Schultz v. Morrison,
The legislature has now declared that under a given state of facts a liability exists where none existed before. The right of action here provided for is, in effect, a modification of the common-law rule exempting a parent from liability for the torts of his minor child, joined with the other rule that a parent may become liable for an injury caused by the child, and made possible, and probable, through the parent's negligence. Its creation does no violence to the *690
provision of the constitution (art. I, sec. 11) requiring general laws to have uniform operation, nor that (art. I, sec. 21) forbidding a grant of special privileges to one citizen, or class of citizens, which are not given an the same terms to all. (Pritchard v. Whitney,
The objection that the law attempts to create a liability on the part of a parent or guardian signing a minor's application, without regard to any inherent liability of such parent or guardian, and without regard to their negligence or fault, is answered by what we have already said. The statute involved inDaugherty v. Thomas,
The judgment is affirmed.
Lennon, J., Kerrigan, J., Lawlor, J., Seawell, J., Myers, J., and Wilbur, C. J., concurred.