Budget Rent-A-Car of Washington-Oregon, Inc. v. Todd Investment Co.

Dec 10, 1979

A7702-02191, CA 12805

Versions:

THORNTON, J.

Dеfendant in this contract action admits liability r the payment of fair market value for certain asehold improvements and personal property con-jyed to it when it assumed plaintiffs leasehold. How-rer, defendant appeals the judgment for plaintiff on le ground that the parties’ limited arbitration agree-ent requires аn appraiser, and not the court, to 'termine fair market value of the items in question.

Defendant assigns as error:

1. That the trial court erred by refusing to stay this action under Oregon’s arbitration statute, ORS 33.240, pending valuation by an appraiser.

2. That the trial court erred by striking defendant’s affirmative defense that submission of the valuation dispute to an appraiser wаs a condition precedent to plaintiffs suit on the agreement.

Plaintiff moved to dismiss the appeal as untimely, e reverse and remand.

Plaintiff asserts that defendаnt did not timely apal from the trial court’s order denying a stay and riking defendant’s affirmative defense of failure to rform a condition precedent. ORS 19.026(1) requires tice of appeal to be filed within 30 days after entry judgment. A judgment includes "an order affecting substantial right, and which in effect determines the tion or suit so as to prevent a judgment оr decree erein.” ORS 19.010(2)(a). The trial court’s orders, lich precluded appraisal and not judicial action, did t prevent entry of a judgment. Judgment for plaintiff was doсketed November 9, 1978. Defendant’s tice of appeal was served and filed December 7, 78, within the 30-day period. 1

The essential facts are not in dispute. Plaintiff and fеndant are both incorporated automobile rental agencies. They each signed an agreement known as the Port of Portland Bid Proposal, and as а result of placing the higher bid, defendant assumed plaintiffs leasehold. The bid proposal requires an assuming lessee to purchase from the former lessee all "nonremovable capital items or capital items unique to an airport rental car operation,” and to pay fair market value therefor. A disрute arose between plaintiff and defendant ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍concerning the fair market value of several capital items. Defendant paid $7,000 to plaintiff, who thereafter filed this action seeking an additional $11,350.

Defendant relies on the following language in the Bid Proposal:

" * * * If the buyer and seller cannot settle on fair market value, each party shall appoint an impartial appraiser. These appraisers shall appoint a third appraiser, acceptablе to the Port, who will determine such value. The cost of appraisals shall be deducted from the final purchase price and paid to the appraissers. * * *

"* * * * *

"The proposer, by signing the affidavit, agrees that he has read, understood and will comply with the aforementioned instructions.”

At common law, agreements for arbitrаtion and those for appraisal were distinct entities subject to differing treatment. General arbitration agreements, which conferred upon an arbitrator the power to determine ultimate liability and to resolve all disputed issues between the parties, were originally held void and unenforceable because they deprived the courts of jurisdiction over the controversy. See Shepard & Morse Lbr. Co. v. Collins, 198 Or 290, 256 P2d 500 (1953) (Shepard & Morse). Arbitration laws, however, abrogated that common law rule and announced the modem policy fаvoring arbitration as a means of dispute resolution. See, e.g., Oregon Laws 1925, ch 186.

On the other hand, appraisal agreements 2 never icountered hostility at common law, because they iquired only the submission of isolated issues to an pрraiser, and did not attempt to usurp the judiciary’s jwer to resolve the case as a whole. Shepard & Morse; 5 Am Jur 2d 520, Arbitration and Award § 3. Apprais-agreements, then, are typically ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍limited to ministeal determinations such as the ascertainment of qual y or quantity of items, the ascertainment of loss or image to property, or the ascertainment оf the value property. Shepard & Morse; 5 Am Jur 2d 520, rbitration and Award § 3. At common law, a contrac-Lal provision requiring appraisal in the event of a iluation dispute was valid, and compliance with the rms of such a provision could be a condition precedent to suit upon the agreement. Shepard & Morse, 98 Or at 297-98, 300 (discussing Halvorson v. Blue Mt. Prune Growers Co-op, 188 Or 661, 214 P2d 986, 217 P2d 254 (1950); Anderson v. Hartford Acc. & In. Co., 152 Or 505, 53 P2d 710, 54 P2d 1212 (1936); Ball v. Doud, 26 Or 14, 37 P 70 (1894)).

The distinction between an agreement for arbitra-m and one for appraisal is not always clear. Generly, however, appraisers act independently and apply eir own skill and knowledge in reaching their con-ísions. Arbitrators, on the other hand, must meet Ejether at all hearings, take evidence, adjudge mat-rs based only on what is presented to them in the urse of adversary proceedings, determine ultimate tbility, and otherwise act quasi-judicially. Shepard & Morse, 198 Or at 296, 305. The agreement in this se fixes liability on the assuming lessee, and calls ? the appraisal of property transferred if the parties nnot, agree as to its value. Only questions of fair irket value are to be submitted to an appraiser. lus, the relevant рrovision calls for appraisal, and t arbitration. Shepard & Morse, 198 Or at 296-97, 305; Rueda v. Union Pacific Railroad Co., 180 Or 133, 139, 175 P2d 778 (1946).

Our Supreme Court has noted that arbitration statutes do not apply to appraisal agreements. Shepard & Morse, 198 Or at 295, 302. In Shepard & Morse, the court took note of Professor Williston’s ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍opinion that the distinction between arbitration and appraisal agreements had outlived its usefulness, but went on to decidе that it was solely the prerogative of the legislature to abolish this distinction and amend our arbitration statutes to apply equally to appraisal agreements. 3 198 Or at 295, 302. Even assuming we believe that there is no longer reason in policy or law to distinguish between appraisal and arbitration agreements, it is not our place to amend Oregon’s statutes to reflect such a view. 4 See ORS 174.010.

Since Oregon’s arbitration laws do not apply to appraisal agreements, defendant’s request for а stay under ORS 33.240 was properly denied.

Defendant’s second claim is that under common law, performance of this appraisal provision is a condition prеcedent to suit on the parties’ agreement. If an agreement expressly or by implication makes appraisal a condition precedent to аction on a contract, failure to implement such appraisal constitutes a failure to perform a condition precedent. If such failure is plеaded and proved in defense, it bars an action on the contract. Shepard & Morse, 198 Or at 297-300. The question then is whether the Bid Proposal expressly or impliedly makes appraisаl a condition precedent.

Oregon’s policy is to construe general arbitration agreements broadly to enhance arbitrability of disputes. Cf. Abbott v. Bob’s U-Drive, et al, 222 Or 147, 153-55, 352 P2d 598, 81 ALR2d 793 (arbitration stat-tes liberally construed); Corvallis Sch. Dist. v. Corvallis Education Assn., 35 Or App 531, 535, 581 P2d 972 (1978) (arbitration сlauses to be interpreted in ianner which favors coverage of ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍the dispute). There is a logical reason for us to construe limited arbitra- on—i.e., appraisаl—agreements less broadly than meral arbitration agreements.

The parties were instructed by the Bid Proposal lat an impartial appraiser would determinе the fair larket value of disputed items. The final sentence of le Proposal states that "[t]he proposer, by signing the ■fidavit, agrees that he has read, understoоd, and will imply with the aforementioned instructions.” (Em-rasis added.) The meaning of the appraisal provision plain, and the intent of the parties to avoid the irdens of litigation by submitting valuation disputes an experienced appraiser is clear. Thus, a reading of ie contract as a whole reveals that appraisal was аde a condition precedent to action on the contract. It llows that the trial court erred by striking defend-lt’s affirmative defense of failure to perform а condign precedent.

Reversed and remanded with instructions.

Notes

We note that even an order staying judicial action and requiring litration — the reverse of the situation here — is not appealablе because it es not determine the action so as to prevent a judgment therein.” Jackson v. Penny Duquette Knits, 276 Or 465, 468, 555 P2d 201 (1976).

In Oregon, appraisal agreements are also referred to as limited itration agreements. Rueda v. Union Pacific Railroad Co., 180 Or 133, 139, 175 P2d 778 (1946).

In all respects material to this decision, the present arbitration statutes are identical to the statutes before the Shepard & Morse court. Compare OCLA 11-601 to 11-603 (1951) with ORS 33.210 to 33.340.

New York and California, for example, have amended their arbitration statutes to include ‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍appraisal agreements. 1961 Cal. Stats, ch 461, § 2; 1941 NY Laws, ch 288, § 1.