276 Mo. 276 | Mo. | 1918
Plaintiff, then approaching ten years of age, was hurt in 1904, by the alleged negligence of defendant. In 1913 he sued defendant, laying his damages at $30,000. Upon a trial had toward the close of the year 1915, proof was adduced pro and con. At the close of all of the evidence defendant asked, and the court nisi gave to the jury a peremptory instruction that under the pleadings and the evidence their verdict should be for the defendant. Thereupon plaintiff took a nonsuit with leave. After an unavailing motion to get this nonsuit set aside he appealed.
Plaintiff in his petition invokes as his sole ground of recovery application of the well-known doctrine of the “turntable cases” to an injury accruing from certain small flat cars left standing unblocked, unlocked and unbraked upon defendant’s track then under construction, under such situation, it is averred, as to make such cars an attractive plaything for children. Defendant’s answer is a general denial, and a plea that plaintiff was when hurt a trespasser upon defendant’s private premises, and that in this situation his injuries were wholly cansed by his own contributory negligence,
The witnesses for plaintiff — the physician excepted — were schoolmates at the time of the occurrence of the injury to him. Their ages at that time were from 10 to 13 years. Eleven years had elapsqd from the date of this injury till they testified in the case. Much divergence of opinion and much deviation from what must have been the actual facts are to expected. All this we find. Plaintiff’s witnesses all agree that the cars were not fastened to the track, nor locked, nor blocked, nor braked, or even furnished with brakes. On other vital points they varied greatly. In ah effort to fairly present the facts upon the points, (a) how large were these cars, (b) how many pupils it took to move them, and (c) what plaintiff was doing when he was hurt, we excerpt the testimony of all of plaintiff’s witnesses on all these points.
The plaintiff testifying for himself said: Prom the time of my accident, and for two or throe months before, they were in the habit of leaving small flat cars on the track by the school. There were two cars. They were small ordinary flat cars about half, about 16 to 20 feet, between 16 and 18 feet. They were lighter, very much lighter, than other freight cars.” Upon the point of how many children it required to put the car in motion upon this track, he says “six children could move the car.” Touching what he was doing when hurt he says: “When I first saw the car it was probably half a block or a little over below the school, being pushed north by about six or seven children eight or nine or ten years old. I was standing between the ends of the piling when the car gbt me. I don’t remember whether I was pushing or getting ready to push. I started to push the car.”
James V. Riley, approximately ten years old when plaintiff was hurt, testifying for plaintiff, said: “The
Charles F. May, who was eleven years old at the time of the injury to plaintiff, said for plaintiff on the. points mentioned, this: “It was a little, small flat car twenty feet long or a little over; it might have been a little shorter. It was light.” Upon the question of the force — hid ' power — required to put these cars in motion or as to what plaintiff was doing he does not testify, but says as to the manner of his being hurt that “he was caught between the piling and the boxing on the east side.”
Leo Baldin, at the time of the injury to plaintiff twelve years old, testifying for plaintiff, said: 1 ‘ The ears were not ordinary flat cars; they were small flat cars, consisting of eight wheels, with no brakes on them, about 18 feet long, of light construction. Five or six or seven children, ten to twelve years old, could push them back and forward there. I was not pushing the car the morning he was hurt. I was on top riding. There were about ten of us around there ranging from nine to twelve years old. I don’t know how many were pushing the car. Too young to remember that.”
Jesse Whaley, who was twelve years old when plaintiff was injured, testifying for plaintiff, said: “The car might have been twenty feet long and might have been more. I don’t believe the car was twenty-eight feet. It might have taken ten or fifteen, or it might have taken a few more to push it. I didn’t count
George Shoemaker, who was eleven years old when plaintiff was hurt, testifying for the latter, said that he was present when plaintiff was hurt, that the ears were from sixteen to twenty feet long and lighter than the ordinary flat car.
Charles Menninger, who was thirteen years old when plaintiff was hart, said for plaintiff that the cars were between eighteen and twenty feet long and seemed to lie lis’iit cars. That it “took seven or eight boys to push the car, boys ranging from nine to thirteen years.”
The testimony for defendant showed that the cars in question were flat cars from 28 to 30 feet in length, that they were standard ears for use upon steam-operated railroads of the period at which they were built, though smaller than standard flat cars now in use. That they were equipped with brakes, and were used at the time of plaintiff’s injury for hauling steel rails, ties, bolts, anchor bars, spikes and dirt in the construction work of extending a line of track which ran near by the Floyd School. The grade of the track on which plaintiff was hurt was 3% inches per hundred feet or almost nine feet rise to the three hundred feet of total length of the extension then being constructed.
Upon the facts stated was a case made for the jury? That is the sole question mooted upon this appeal. Coming closer to the very marrow of the point at issue, the question is: Did the testimony bring plaintiff’s initial injury within the doctrine of the “attractive nuisance” or “turntable cases?”
Regrettably, the long number of years which were suffered to elapse after the injury and before this action was begun palpably dulled the memories of the witnesses till, as this record makes apparent, much of the testimony is so shot through with contradictions as to be almost impossible of reconciliation. In short, it is almost impossible to ascertain with any degree of cer
The doctrine of the “attractive nuisance,” or so-called “turntable cases,” has been accepted in this State as the well-settled law. [O’Hara v. Gaslight Co., 244 Mo. l. c. 404; Kelly v. Benas, 217 Mo. l; Berry v. Railroad, 214 Mo. 593; Nagel v. Railroad, 75 Mo. 653; Koons v. Railroad, 65 Mo. 592.] A number of jurisdictions have refused to accept it, because they have been unable to find that it is bottomed upon sound judicial reasoning. [Wheeling, etc., Railroad v. Harvey, 77 Ohio St. 235; Walker v. Potomac, etc., Railroad Co., 105 Va. 226; Conrad v. Baltimore, etc., Railroad, 64 W. Va. 176; Dobbins v. Railroad, 91 Tex. 60; Ryan v. Towar, 128 Mich. 463; Daniels v. Railroad, 154 Mass. 349.] Nevertheless, so attenuated and fragile is the legal logic by which the doctrine is sustained that the modern tendency is to restrict rather than to extend the field within which the doctrine operates. [Kelly v. Benas, 217 Mo. l. c. 11; Mayfield Water & L. Co. v. Webb’s Admr., 129 Ky. 395; Dahl v. Dredging Co., 125 Minn. 90.] All of the authorities agree that the doctrine is bottomed upon the old English ease of Lynch v. Nurdin, 1 Q. B. 29. Many of the cases agree — and if they do not it is manifest — that the turntable cases go far beyond the strict legal principles involved in the Lynch case supra. Briefly, the facts and the law of that ease were that defendant therein negligently left his horse and cart
In a very able and lucid discussion of the legal grounds upon which the doctrine of the turntable cases ought to rest in order to be immune against criticism, for that they are violative of well-recognized rules of legal reasoning, the Supreme Court of Texas said there were of necessity three questions which should be determined in the affirmative before applying the doctrine. These were: “(1) Did the law impose upon the company a duty to use care to keep its property in such condition that persons going thereon without its invitation would be injured? (2) was the child six years old guilty of contributory negligence? and (3) was the company guilty of negligence in leaving the turntable unlocked?” [Dobbins v. Railroad, 91 Tex. l. c. 63.]
In the case of Lynch v. Nurdin, supra, it is obvious that defendant owed a duty to the public, including the plaintiff, not to leave his horse and cart unfastened and unattended in a public street. It is of course also evident that, barring this omission of duty, defendant’s horse and cart had the same right, but no more, to be in a public street that the plaintiff, therein had. So, the first query of the Supreme Court of Texas is fairly answered in the affirmative by the undisputed facts of Lynch v. Nurdin. Unfortunately for legal reasoning, the same can not be said of the great majority of the other attractive-nuisance cases. It is obvious that in the Lynch case, supra, the infancy and tender years of the plaintiff go only to, and are in the law of the case used only for, the purpose of excusing his con
But the cases which in the several jurisdictions of the United States ostensibly follow the case of Lynch v. Nurdin, go very much farther than that case, in that they excuse a trespass upon private real property and labor to find some logical basis for the duty to safeguard such a trespasser. In many of the American cases there are involved trespasses both upon real property and upon personal property. Cases wherein, upon any ordinary rule on which legal liability is bottomed, no duty is owed by the landowner to the trespasser, save to forbear inflicting upon him a wanton or malicious injury. Some courts attempt to bottom the duty owed upon the maxim, Sic uieve Luo ut non alienum Icedas, which roughly turned into the vernacular means that one must so use his own property as not to injure others, 'or strictly, the property of others. But it is difficult to find elsewhere in the law any authority for such an application of this maxim. For the ordinary and usual application of it is to what may for lack- of a better term be denominated extra-territorial injuries. That is, injuries produced by causes which, arising from the property of the tortfeasor, pass or flow therefrom.on to the person or property of him who is injured. But in the application of the ‘ ‘ turntable-cases” doctrine the person injured does not get hurt while upon his own property or premises, or by anything passing from, or flowing off the premises of another, but he is hurt while he is off his own proper place or property, trespassing upon the property of his neighbor. [See cases cited in note appended to Cahill v. Stone Co., 19 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1094 et seq.]
We are therefore forced to the view that the American doctrine of liability for damages caused' by “attractive nuisances” so-called has gone much beyond the law and the facts of Lynch v. Nurdin, supra, and that the doctrine is sui generis, since there is no well-settled legal foundation upon which to bottom the duty to observe care at all toward a trespasser. This thought was well-expressed by our learned former colleague Lamm, J., who, in the case of Kelly v. Benas, 217 Mo. l. c. 11, after collating and discussing practically all of our Missouri cases upon this subject, said:
Ought then a doctrine resting, firmly and beneficently, we concede, but solely, upon the humane sentiment of putting humanity above property. (Eddington v. Railroad, 57 L. R. A. 561), but otherwise ignoring legal landmarks and all other known and settled grounds of legal liability, be, absent legislation, further extended? We think not.
Discussing this identical question, Judge Lamm, correctly and inimitably said this:
"If the old channel of the law is to be quite changed -by the application of the new doctrine automatically and without discrimination, if - sentimental considerations (however elevated and tender) are to usurp the place of cold and calm reason as the foundation for rules of law, then the floodgate now damming back liability will be raised, letting in strange and deep waters for the landowner to struggle with. Not only will he be liable for boys drowned- while swimming in his stock pond (the idea of swimming being alluring tc a boy), for those who fall into uncovered wells, cisterns and cellars (the notion of playing on the brink of such being a boyish one), for children who are suffocated while playing in piles of sand accumulated for ’building purposes or in sliding down stacks of straw unscientifically piled and exposed, but he may be mule-
No case has been called to our attention, nor have we ourselves, after a fairly careful search found any such, wherein this doctrine has been applied to cars whereof the motive power was, as here, steam, or even electricity. In other words such cars, instead of being regarded as attractive nuisances when standing upon railroad tracks, have uniformly been held not to fall into the category of attractive nuisances. [Barney v. Railroad Co., 126 Mo. 373; Compton v. Railroad, 147 Mo. App. l. c. 422; Robinson v. Railroad, 7 Utah, 493; McEachern v. Railroad, 150 Mass. 515; George v. Railroad, 126 Cal. 357; Gay v. Railroad, 159 Mass. 238; Central, etc., Railroad v. Henigh, 23 Kan. 347; Kaumeier v. Elec. Ry. Co., 116 Mich. 306; Louisville, etc., Railroad v. Ray, 124 Tenn. 16; Chicago, etc., Railroad v. McLaughlin, 47 Ill. 265; East St. Louis, etc. Ry. Co. v. Jenks, 54 Ill. App. 91; Myers v. Railroad, 209 Mass. 55; 3 Elliott on Railroads, sec. 1260; 20 R. C. L. 92; 29 Cyc. 465.] This upon the theories, it seems, (a) that the danger is obvious, like that from fire or water, and not latent; (b) the great difficulty of putting such cars in motion; and also, perhaps, (c) the impracticability
Upon the question of whether a railroad car is an “attractive nuisance,” or a dangerous machine .within the purview of the “turntable-cases” doctrine, this court said in the case of Barney v. Railroad, supra, at page 382, this:
“In the first place, the rule applicable in what is known as the ‘turntable-cases’ has no application to cases of this sort. Railroad cars and similar machinery are not ‘dangerous machines’ within the meaning of that rule, as is abundantly and exhaustively shown, both directly and indirectly, in the following cases: Bishop v. Railroad, 14 R. I. 314; Catlett v. Railroad, 21 S. W. 1062; Railroad v. McLaughlin, 47 Ill. 265; Gavin v. City, 97 Ill. 66.”
In the case of Kaumeier v. Railroad, 116 Mich. l. c. 312 et seq., the Supreme Court of Michigan, said:
“The car in question in the present case was not dangerous in its construction. It was a plain car, with four wheels, with no machinery about it. It had no brake, but was a small platform car. It is true that it stood upon a track where it might be moved by several children applying their united strength. Several children might, in the same way, move a wagon or carriage left beside the highway. We apprehend that no claim, of negligence could be sustained against the owner of such a vehicle if one of the children climbing upon it should fall off and be run over, even if the wheels were left without blocking. . . . The, defend-
ant had just as much right to leave this car where it did as a farmer would have to leave his wagon or carriage upon his own side of the highway, and no one would have the right to move it, except upon the claim that it impeded public travel. The ear being rightfully left where it was upon the track, and not being a thing
In the case of Cahill v. Stone Co., 153 Cal. 571, 19 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1094, the plaintiff, injured by having his foot crushed by a push-car loaded with rails and left unattended, unlocked, unbraked and unfastened upon a railroad track, was allowed to recover — if in the view of the jury his alleged lack of tender years or understanding should not preclude him. The latter ease comes nearer upon its facts to the instant case than any other we have been able to find in the books. Granting, at least for the argument’s sake, the correctness of the ruling in the Cahill case, it may be, we thing, fairly distinguished from the case at bar. There the car causing the plaintiff’s hurt was not a standard ■ steam railway flat car of the period, but a push-car, inferably, though the reported case does not in terms so say, of the ordinary size and well-known sort. Neither does the report of- the Cahill case disclose how much force, or how many “kid-power,” was required to put this push-car in motion. In the case of the flat car here in question, the testimony shows that it required from six to eight boys from nine to ’ thirteen years of age to move the car, and then it would only run a short distance and stop. Some of plaintiff’s witnesses say that it required ten or fifteen children to put the flat car in motion. One of them said “may be a dozen children had hold of it” at the time the plaintiff was hurt. Such being the case, nothing is plainer than that any sort or size of car could be moved if only enough children should devote themselves to the task, and that thus any sort of car, however great in size or weight, or any other movable construction or mechanism, could be converted into a dangerous machine, and thus brought within the doctrine of the turntable cases, if there is to be no limit set to the numbers, or the force required to overcome inertia and initiate motion.